INTRODUCTION

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING I

A. IRRIGATION vs. DRAINAGE

• IRRIGATION
• application of water into the soil
 A. IRRIGATION vs. DRAINAGE
• DRAINAGE
• removal of excess water
within or on the soil
• can be natural or artificial
 B. OBJECTIVE OF IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE
• To create an environment
favorable to plant growth by
maintaining
• Water balance
• Salt balance
 B. OBJECTIVE OF IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE
• ADVANTAGES
• increase cropping efficiency
• increase crop productivity and
yield
• increase cropping intensity (CI)
CI=Total Cropped Area
Total Physical Area
C. DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
1. Pre-Spanish and Spanish Period
• small gravity irrigation system
• communal
C. DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
2. American Regime (1900-1936)
• First Irrigation Law – BPW
• Irrigation facilities
• Construction and repair
• 12 small & medium scale for rice irrigation
• 91,000 ha
C. DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
3. Commonwealth and Japanese Regimes (1937-1946)
• Little irrigation development

4. Early Independence Period (1947-1965)

• Rehabilitation projects
• NIA creation
• 51 small & med scale project
• 122,000 ha
 C. DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
5. Expansion Period (1966-1984)
• Pantabangan Dam (1969)
• NIA policy making
• Medium & Large Scale Projects
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS
• FINITE FRESH WATER SOURCE
TOO DRY
TOO WET
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS

ESTIMATED AVERAGE WATER PER CAPITA

WORLDWIDE

45000
40000 40,000
35000
CUBIC METERS

30000
25000
20000
15000
17,000
12,900
10000
5000
7,000
4,700
0
1800 1950 1970 1997 2025
YEAR
 D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS

 PRESENT PHILIPPINE
SCENARIO
 3,000 m3

 WATER-STRESSED AREA
 < 2,000 m3
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS
 Status of Water Use
 PHILIPPINES
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS

• Irrigated rice
accounts for irrigation
72%

about half the

total harvested
fishery
rice area and 27%
others
70% of the total 1%

rice production.
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS
• Low Water Use Efficiency and Productivity

• DESIGN ASSUMPTION – 50 to 65 %
• ACTUAL EFFICIENCY – 30 to 40 %

• How to improve performance?

D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS
• The existing large gravity irrigation system have continuously been
performing inefficiently and below expectations.

• The sub-optimal performance is due to interrelated technical,

hydrologic, socio-economic, institutional, environmental and political
issues.
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS
• Poor Performance of gravity irrigation systems and irrigated
agriculture
• Sub-optimal Use of Water
• Cost-effectiveness and suitability of current irrigation technologies
• Lack of political will to carry out far-reaching policy reforms
D. ROLE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
ENGINEERS
• Development of New Irrigation Systems
• Rehabilitation of National and Communal Irrigation Systems
• Improving the Performance of Irrigated Agriculture
• Farming Systems Diversification and Intensification
• Research and Extension