CHEM101Lecture01 - Measurements and Fundamental Calculations - Edited

FUNDAMENTAL CALCULATIONS IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
(General Chemistry I; Lecture 01)
The study of Chemistry
• Study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Will look out macroscopic (things we can

touch) and microscopic ( things we can imagine
and measure with modern technology )
WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?
PHYSICS
AGRICULTURE BIOLOGY
PHARMACY CHEMISTRY FISHIRIES
ASTRONOMY GEOLOGY
ENGINEERING
3
chem101: FUNDAMENTALS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Scientific Method
scientific method – procedure for

processing and understanding
certain types of information
4
MEASUREMENT
- quantitative way by which chemistry,

science in general, deals with nature
- described by either the English or SI (or
metric) systems of measurement
5
MEASUREMENT
English system
- originated from the Europian
countries, this system uses fixed
conversion factors that varies from
quantities to quantities
6
MEASUREMENT
English system
English units and their

corresponding
7 values
MEASUREMENT
SI system
- also known as the metric system, uses
prefixes of multiples of ten and has
seven base (or fundamental) units
from which all other units are derived
8
MEASUREMENT
SI system
SI base units
9
MEASUREMENT
SI system
SI prefixes and their

corresponding
10 values
EXERCISE 01
Which quantity is the smallest:

1 milligram, 1 microgram, or 1 picogram?
Answer: 1 picogram
11
MEASUREMENT
English-Metric Equivalents
Some common
English-Metric
12 conversions
MEASUREMENT
Some common
English-Metric
13 conversions
MEASUREMENT
Some common
English-Metric
14 conversions
MEASUREMENT
Conversion analogy
15
MEASUREMENT
Some common
English-Metric
16 conversions
MEASUREMENT
Some common
English-Metric
17 conversions
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
- employed during unit conversions; also

called unit analysis,
- follows the general equation:
18
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
- consider the conversion of 2.85 cm to

inches:
19
EXERCISE 02
Which quantity is the longest:

0. 5 yard, 1.75 feet or 15 inches?
Answer: 1.75 feet

20
EXERCISE 03
What is an equivalent measurement of:

a. 5’5” to meters?
b. 20 kph to mps?
3
c. 5.25 g/mL to lbs/in ?
Answer: 1.65 m; 5.56 mps; 0.19 lbs/in3
21
MORE CONVERSIONS: TEMPERATURE
Temperature - a measure of the degree of

hotness of an object; a physical property
that directs heat flow
- described using the three
major temperature scales: Celsius,
Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales.
22
Temperature
The Three major

Temperature Scales
23
Temperature
The
Temperature Conversions
24
• Sample Problem
Ethyl alcohol boils at 78.5 oC at one

atmosphere pressure. Convert this to the Fahrenheit scale.
Ans. 173oF
Mercury boils at 675oF at one atmosphere pressure.

Express this temperature in degrees Celsius.
Ans. 357oC
UNCERTAINTIES IN MEASUREMENT
- there are two kinds of numbers in

scientific work: exact and inexact
numbers
exact numbers - those whose values are
known exactly
inexact numbers - those whose values
have some uncertainty
26
EXERCISE 06
State whether the following is an exact

(E) or inexact (IE) quantity:
a. the students in your chemistry class
b. the mass of a coin
c. the number of grams in a kilogram
Answer: E; IE; E
27
- described using accuracy and precision

accuracy - refers to how closely
individual measurements agree with
the correct, standard, or “true” value
- expressed in terms of percent
accuracy
28
- described using accuracy and precision

precision - measure of how closely
individual measurements agree with
one another
- quantified in terms of standard
deviation
29
Precision and Accuracy: the Dart board analogy
30
Significant Figures
- refers all digits of any measured

quantity plus one uncertain digit
- directly proportional with certainty of
any measured value
31
Significant Figures
Significant figures
in measurement
32
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
01. Nonzero integers always count as

significant figures.
02a. Captive zeros, or zeros in between two
nonzero integers, always count as
significant.
33
02b. Leading zeros, or zeros before the first

nonzero integers, do not count as
significant.
02c. Trailing zeros, or zeros after the last
nonzero integers, may or many not count
as significant.
34
03. Exact numbers, or those that is a result

of counting or by definition of
conversion, have infinite number of
significant figures.
35
EXERCISE 07
Give the number of significant figures for each of the

following results:
a. A student’s extraction procedure on tea yields 0.0105 g
of caffeine.
b. A chemist records a mass of 0.050080 g in an analysis.
c. In an experiment a span of time is determined to be
8.050 x103 seconds.
Answer: 3; 5; 4
36
Significant Figures in Calculations
For addition and subtraction, the result has the

same number of decimal places as the
measurement with the fewest decimal places.
37
Significant Figures in Calculations
For multiplication and division, the result has the

same number of significant figure as the
measurement with the least significant
figures.
38
Sample Problem
• Express each value in exponential form. Where
appropriate, include units in your answer.
a.) speed of sound: 34,000 centimeters per second
b.) Equatorial radius of Earth: 6378 kilometers
3 2
c.) [( 2.2 x10 ) + (4.7 x 10 )]/ 5.8 x10 -3
d.) [432.7 x 6.5 x 0.002300]/62 x 0.103

EXERCISE 08
The width, length, and height of a small box

are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm, and 5.4 cm, respectively.
Calculate the volume of the box, using the
correct number of significant figures in your
answer.
Answer: 2,300 cm 3
40
EXERCISE 09
A gas at 25°C fills a container whose

volume is 1.05 x103 cm3. The container plus gas
has a mass of 837.6 g. The container, when
emptied of all gas, has a mass of 836.2 g. What is
the density of the gas at 25°C?
Answer: 0.0013 g/cm 3
41
Sample Problem
• The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. A square
piece of aluminum foil, 22.86 cm on a side is found
to weigh 2.568 g. What is the thickness of the foil in
millimeters?

CHEM101Lecture01 - Measurements and Fundamental Calculations - Edited

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEM101Lecture01 - Measurements and Fundamental Calculations - Edited

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FUNDAMENTAL CALCULATIONS IN

• Will look out macroscopic (things we can

PHARMACY CHEMISTRY FISHIRIES

scientific method – procedure for

- quantitative way by which chemistry,

English units and their

SI prefixes and their

Which quantity is the smallest:

- employed during unit conversions; also

- consider the conversion of 2.85 cm to

Which quantity is the longest:

Answer: 1.75 feet

What is an equivalent measurement of:

Answer: 1.65 m; 5.56 mps; 0.19 lbs/in3

MORE CONVERSIONS: TEMPERATURE

Temperature - a measure of the degree of

MORE CONVERSIONS: TEMPERATURE

The Three major

MORE CONVERSIONS: TEMPERATURE

Ethyl alcohol boils at 78.5 oC at one

Mercury boils at 675oF at one atmosphere pressure.

- there are two kinds of numbers in

State whether the following is an exact

- described using accuracy and precision

- described using accuracy and precision

- refers all digits of any measured

01. Nonzero integers always count as

02b. Leading zeros, or zeros before the first

03. Exact numbers, or those that is a result

Give the number of significant figures for each of the

For addition and subtraction, the result has the

For multiplication and division, the result has the

d.) [432.7 x 6.5 x 0.002300]/62 x 0.103

The width, length, and height of a small box

A gas at 25°C fills a container whose

Answer: 0.0013 g/cm 3

You might also like