PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PRONUNCIATION (VOWELS
SOUNDS)

BY: MARIAN
 PAST PERFECT

The past perfect tense is most

often used for the following:
• To express an idea that
something that occurred
before another action in the
past.
• It can also show that
something happened before
a specific time in the past.
Examples

 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
FORM

 The structure of the past perfect tense is:

 When we use the Past Perfect in speaking, we often contract the

subject and the auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this in
informal writing:
MORE OF PAST PERFECT…

MOREOVER

 If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple
Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or
"after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after"
actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is
optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
 Examples:
 You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
 Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with
reference to a time earlier than 'before now'. As with the present perfect continuous, we
are more interested in the process.

 Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?

 We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
 It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
 Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.
FORM

 This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past
continuous and the present perfect continuous in direct speech:
 Jane said, "I have been gardening all afternoon." = Jane said she had
been gardening all afternoon.
 When the police questioned him, John said, "I was working late in the
office that night." = When the police questioned him, John told them he
had been working late in the office that night.
FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to
be (=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).
VOWEL SOUNDS

 English has fifteen vowel sounds represented by the letters a, e, i,

o, and u. The letters y, w and gh are also commonly used in vowel
sound spellings.
 Vowel sounds are produced with a relatively open vocal
tract. Consonant sounds, in contrast, are created by pushing air
through a small opening in the vocal tract or by building up air in
the vocal tract, then releasing it.
HOW TO PRONOUNCE VOWEL SOUNDS
IN ENGLISH CORRECTLY
Each vowel sound requires a different mouth position.
 If the vowel sounds in English don’t appear in your first language, it’s essential
that you get comfortable with uncomfortable mouth positions. That means:
 opening your mouth more than you naturally would;
 pulling your lips back more than is comfortable for you; and
 moving your tongue in new ways.
 This extra effort to train your mouth for vowel sounds is worth the effort, because
inaccurate vowel sounds can interfere with communication.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69DwHUg2f7s
VOWELS…