TOPIC:

Save of Energy
Fossil Fuel
• formed by natural
processes
Fossil Fuels

•A fuel is a substance that provides a

form of energy.
•Such as heat, light, electricity, or
motion.
•As a result of a chemical change.
Combustion

•The process of burning a fuel is

called combustion.

•Gasoline + Oxygen Carbon

Dioxide + Water
What are Fossil Fuels
• Fossil Fuels are the energy rich substances
formed from the remains of once-living
organisms.
• The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil
and natural gas.
• Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons,
they contain carbon and hydrogen's.
Coal
• Coal-fired plants produce electricity by
burning coal in a boiler to produce steam. The
steam produced, under tremendous pressure,
flows into a turbine, which spins a generator to
create electricity. The steam is then cooled,
condensed back into water and returned to the
boiler to start the process over.
Coal
• Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from plant
remains.
• Known deposits of coal (and other fossil fuels)
can be obtained using current technology are
called reserves.
1. Its easy to transport
2. It provides lots of energy when burned.
Coal
OIL
• Oil is a thick, liquid fossil fuel, it is formed
from remains of small animals, algae and
protists.
• Petroleum is another name for oil.
• The United States consumes about one third
of all the oil produced in the world.
• Only 3% of the world’s supply is located in this
country.
Refining Oil
• When oil is first pumped out of the ground, it is
called crude oil.

• A factory where crude oil is separated into fuels

and other products by heating is called a
refinery.
Natural Gas
• The third major fossil fuel is natural gas.
• It is a mixture of methane and other gases.
• Advantages:
1. Provides lots of energy
2. Lower levels of air pollutants than coal and oil
3. Its easy to transport.
• Disadvantage:
1. Highly flammable
Natural Gas

Example:
Water, ethane, butane, propane,
pentanes, hydrogen sulphide, carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and occasionally
helium and nitrogen
Fuel Supply and Demand
• Fossil fuel takes hundreds of millions of years
to form.
• Fossil fuels therefore are considered a
nonrenewable resource.
• New resources of energy are needed to
replace the decreasing fossil fuel reserves.
Electrochemical Cells
• device capable of either generating electrical
energy from chemical reactions or using
electrical energy to cause chemical reactions.
Electrochemical Cells
An electrochemical cell is a device
that produces an electric current
from energy released by a
spontaneous redox reaction. This
kind of cell includes the galvanic, or
voltaic, cell, named after Luigi
Galvani and Alessandro Volta. These
scientists conducted several
Anode Cathode
metal metal
electrode electrode
where where
oxidation reduction
occurs occurs

Ex: Zn
DANIELL CELL
The Daniell cell is a type of
electrochemical cell
invented in 1836 by John
Frederic Daniell, a British
chemist and meteorologist,
and consists of a copper pot
filled with a copper (II)
sulfate solution, in which is
immersed an unglazed
earthenware container filled
with sulfuric acid and a zinc
electrode
Primary cell
Primary cells have high
density and get discharged
slowly. Since there is no fluid
inside these cells they are
also known as dry cells. The
internal resistance is high
and the chemical reaction is
irreversible. Its initial cost is
cheap and also primary cells
are easy to use.
Secondary cell
Secondary cells have low
energy density and are made
of molten salts and wet cells.
The internal resistance is low
and the chemical reaction is
reversible. Its initial cost is
high and is a little
complicated to use when
compared to the primary cell.
Difference Between Primary Cell and Secondary Cell
Primary Cell Secondary Cell
Have high energy density and slow in They are smaller energy density
discharge and easy to use

There are no fluids in the cells hence it There are made up of wet cells
is also called as dry cells (flooded and liquid cells) and molten
salt (liquid cells with different
composition)

It has high internal resistance It has low internal resistance

It has an irreversible chemical reaction It has a reversible chemical reaction

Its design is smaller and lighter Its design is more complex and heavier

Its initial cost is cheap Its initial cost is high

Geothermal
Energy
• Geothermal energy is heat derived within the
sub-surface of the earth. Water and/or steam
carry the geothermal energy to the Earth's
surface.
•What is geothermal energy?
•Geothermal energy- energy
that comes from the ground;
power extracted from heat
stored in the earth
•Geo: earth
•Thermal: heat
Geothermal Energy Generation

Electrical
•Dry steam
•Flash steam
•Binary cycle
How Geothermal Works

•Earth’s core heat

•Water → steam → drive electrical
generators
•Turbines
•Area specific
•Geothermal energy is localized
Dry Steam/Flash Steam/Binary Cycles

• Each uses the heat from underground in some manner to

generate energy
• Different combinations of water temperatures create different
effects
• How Geothermal Energy Works
 Can Geothermal Energy
run out?
• 100% renewable
• Earth’s core is always going to be heated
• As long as there is a way to extract the energy from the
heat, the energy will always be available
Environmental Effects/ Benefits
• Remarkable difference of
environmental effects
compared to fossil fuels
• Leaves almost no footprints
• Most hardware used to
extract geothermal energy
is underground (http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/envirome

• Minimal use of surface

nt.shtmlNorthern Arizona University. 2009 Oct
27)
Environmental Effects/Benefits
Power Source Land Requirement

•Easy to operate
(ac/mW)

Geothermal 1-8
•Open up economy
Nuclear 5-10
•Much more
Coal 19
efficient use of
(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/envir
oment.shtml> Northern Arizona
University. 2009 Oct 27)
land
Disadvantages to Geothermal
Energy
•Too costly
•Noise
•Use of fresh water
•Land surveying
•The technology is not quite there
•Some people just believe that our fossil fuels
will “never” run out
•Don’t believe that fossil fuels are finite
Conclusion
•Overall, geothermal appears to be a
sound solution to energy needs
•Geothermal energy has the ability to
expand
•Few environmental effects
•Very cost efficient
•Geothermal is RENEWABLE
Hydroelectri
c
Energy
• Harvesting the energy of moving
water to produce electricity for our
own needs.
 How A Hydropower
plant works:
•Dam: controls the flow of water and creates a reservoir of water
above for energy use when needed
•Penstock: pipe channeling water from the dam to the turbines
•Turbines: large blades attached to a cylinder that move when the
water pushes against it
•Generator: parts connected to the turbines that create the
electricity by moving large magnets
•Inductor: changes the form of electricity to one that can be used
•Transmission Lines: transport energy to places that need it
Advantages and
disadvantages of
Hydroelectric
Energy
Advanta
ges:
• Minimal pollution. Fuel is not burned,
so pollution is not a problem
• Rainfall renews the reservoir water,
making hydroelectric energy renewable
• Reduces greenhouse gases
• Low costs, easy to maintain
Disadvant
ages:
• Alters the natural landscape, which could lead
to habitat destruction and disruption of
normal wildlife patterns
• Depends on precipitation, so it is not always
consistent
• Disrupts marine life habitats and migration
patterns