Powab Zc333peab ZC353-L12

Con t e nt
• What is Psychrometry, Psychrometric Properties of air
• Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Dew Point Temperature
• Heat Content of the Air : Sensible Heat , Latent Heat
• Sensible Cooling of the Air, Sensible Heating of the Air
• Humidification, Dehumidification Process, Cooling and Humidification Process, Cooling and Dehumidification
Process, Heating and Humidification Process
• Air Conditioning, Application of Air Conditioning
• Relationship of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
• Comfort Air Conditioning & Types
• Human Comfort, Thermal Interchange with Environment, Human Comfort Chart
Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 1

Wha t is Ps y c hro me t ry
• Psychrometry is the science of study of various properties of air, method of controlling its
temperature and moisture content or humidity and its effect on various materials and human
beings.
• Studying Psychrometry helps understanding different constituents of air and how they affect
each other, which in turn unravels various mysteries of the atmosphere and the nature.
• Some of the psychrometric properties of air that we have already studied are: dry bulb
temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity etc.

Com pos it io n of Air
• Air comprises of mixture of various gases and water vapor or moisture.
• The air without any water vapor is called as dry air.
• The ordinary air is the mixture of dry air and water vapor.
• As such the air always contains some amount of water vapor so the pure dry air doesn’t really
exists, however its concept is very important in understanding the properties of the air and
how various changes occur in the air conditioning process.
• The dry air is composed of various gases, chiefly nitrogen (78%), and oxygen (21%). The
remaining 1% of the gases includes carbon dioxide, and very small quantities of inert gases
like hydrogen, helium, neon, and argon.
• The water vapor is also small part of the air included among remaining 1% of the gases.

• The amount of moisture in air by its mass keeps on varying from place to place and depending
on the atmospheric conditions at a particular place.
• The places located close to the sea areas contain more moisture while the desert areas contain
less moisture.
• Similarly, during the raining seasons the moisture content of the air is high while during
summers and winters its low. The air contains usually 1% to 3% of moisture by mass.
• Since the chief constituents of the air are oxygen and nitrogen and they both exist in
superheated condition, the air also exists in the superheated conditions as the gas.

• It is important to note here that small changes in the temperature of the dry air during the air
conditioning process cause very small changes in its volume and density.
• Another important point to note is that the water vapor exists in the superheated condition,
but when it is cooled or heated there is change in its phases, hence it absorbs or liberates
sensible heat as well as the latent heat due to changes in its phases.
• This is what makes the whole process of air conditioning highly complicated.
• Cooling of water vapor results in its condensation, whiles its heating leads to superheating.

Imp ort ant Ps y c hro me t ric Prope rt ie s o f ai r
• Atmospheric Pressure or Barometric Pressure (P)
• The total pressure exerted by the air is called as atmospheric pressure or barometric pressure,
denoted by P. It is the air pressure measured by the ordinary barometer.
• Partial Pressure of Dry Air (Pd)

• The pressure exerted by the dry air in the mixture of air is called as partial pressure of dry air,
denoted by Pd.
• Partial Pressure of Water Vapor (Pw)

• The air contains moisture or water vapor. As per the Dalton’s law of partial pressure, this
water vapor exerts certain pressure independent of the other gases in the air. The pressure
exerted by the water vapor within the air is called as partial pressure of water vapor (P w). The
more is the content of water vapor within the air, more is the partial pressure of the water
vapor within the air. In the saturated air, the partial pressure of water vapor is maximum.
• As per the Dalton’s law of partial pressure: P = Pd + Pw

• Saturated Air
• The air consists of the water vapor or moisture at all times no matter what its temperature and
pressure is. When we add more moisture to the air in an enclosed space at certain
temperature, the air tends to keep on absorbing the moisture.
• However, after reaching certain stage, the air is no more able to absorb the moisture and all
the extra moisture is converted into dew or fog. The air that contains maximum amount of
moisture that it can hold at particular temperature is called as saturated air.
• The quantity of the moisture that the air can hold depends on its temperature. The more is the
temperature of the air, the more quantity of the moisture it can absorb.
• Let us suppose that the partial pressure of water vapor when the air is saturated is P ws, then as
per the Dalton’s law of partial pressure:
• P = Pd + Pws
• Absolute Humidity of Air
• The absolute humidity of the air is defined as the total mass of water vapor present in the unit
volume of air at any given condition of temperature.

• Relative Humidity of Air (RH)
• The term relative humidity is more widely used in the field of HVAC or air conditioning. It is
defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor present in the unit volume of the air at certain
temperature to the maximum mass of the water vapor that can be accommodated in the unit
volume of air when it is saturated.
• The partial pressure of the water vapor depends on the mass of the water vapor in the air.
• Hence we can also define relative humidity as the ratio of the partial pressure of the water
vapor at a given temperature to the partial pressure of water vapor when the air is saturated at
the same temperature.

• Relative Humidity of Air (RH)
• Relative Humidity RH = Amount of water vapor in unit volume of unsaturated air/ Amount of
water vapor in unit volume of saturated air.
• RH = Partial Pressure of water vapor in unsaturated air/ Partial pressure of water vapor in
saturated air
• RH = Pw/Pws *100
• Relative humidity is expressed in percentage.
• It indicates the actual humidity present in the air at the prevalent temperature conditions and
widely used by the air conditioning engineers.

Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Dew
Point Temperature
• Dry Bulb Temperature of Air (DBT)
• The temperature of the air measured by the ordinary thermometer is called as the dry bulb
temperature of air, commonly referred as DBT. When ordinary thermometer is exposed to the
atmosphere, it indicates the dry bulb temperature, which is nothing but the atmospheric
temperature.
• Wet Bulb Temperature of Air (WBT)

• Temperature of the ordinary air measured by the thermometer when it is covered by wet
cloth or wick is called as the wet bulb temperature, commonly referred to as WBT.
• When the air comes in contact with the wet cloth it absorbs some moisture and gives up some
heat, due to which the temperature of the air reduces.
• This reduced temperature measured by the thermometer is called as the wet bulb
temperature.
Point Temperature
• If the moisture content of the air is very low, it will give up more heat to the cloth and the
wet bulb temperature of air will also be comparatively lower.
• On the other hand, if the moisture content of air is high it will loose lesser heat to the air and
wet bulb temperature will be higher.
• The more is the moisture or water vapor content of the air more is the wet bulb temperature.
• Thus the wet bulb temperature indirectly indicates the moisture content present in the air or
we can say that it is affected by the relative humidity of the air.
• The wet bulb temperature of the air is always less than the dry bulb temperature of air. The
difference between the DBT and WBT is called as wet bulb depression.

Point Temperature
• Dew Point Temperature of Air (DPT)
• When the temperature of the air is reduced, the temperature of the water vapor present
within the air also reduces. The water vapor within the air is similar to the superheated steam
in the vapor condition, but at much lower pressure.
• When we reduce the temperature of the superheated steam, its sensible heat content starts
reducing and at some particular temperature (100 degree C) it starts condensing.
• In a similar manner, when the temperature of the air is reduced continuously, the point
comes when the water vapor within the air starts getting converted into dews.
• The temperature at which the water vapor within the air at some temperature starts
condensing is called as the dew point temperature of the air or DPT.
• When the dew is formed the air is said to be in saturated condition.

Point Temperature
• When any object is cooled below the dew point temperature of the air, we can see the
formation of sweat on its surface. A glass of water filled with chilled water is can example.
• The dew point temperature of air depends upon its moisture content.
• Higher the moisture content of the air, higher is the dew point temperature.
• For the saturated air, the dry bulb temperature, the wet bulb temperature and dew point
temperature are same.

H e at C ont e nt of th e Air
• The total heat content of the air or enthalpy of air comprises of the sensible heat and the
latent heat.
• The sensible heat is the heat absorbed or lost during the change in temperature of the air.
• The latent heat is the heat lost or absorbed during change in phase of the water vapor present
in the air.

Se ns ib le He at (SH) o f t h e Air
• The sensible heat of the air is mainly due to the dry air present in the air.
• The dry air exists in the superheated condition in the air since it comprises of gases like
nitrogen, oxygen, and other inert gases that have very low boiling point or liquefaction point.
• Since there is no change in the phase of dry air, it has only the sensible heat.
• When the temperature of the air is changed, it is the temperature of the dry air that changes
and it either absorbs or liberates the sensible heat.
• The water vapor present within the air also absorbs or liberates the sensible heat, but this
quantity is very small so it is not taken into account.
• The sensible heat of the air is calculated as follows:

• SH = m*0.133*DBT
• Where: m is the mass of the dry air, 0.133 is the specific heat of air in Kcal/kg and DBT is the
dry bulb temperature of the air.
L at e nt H e at ( LH ) of th e Air
• Since there is no change in the phase of the dry air present in the air mixture, it does not have
any latent heat.
• The water vapor present within the air undergoes changes in the phase when the air is either
cooled or heated hence the latent heat within the air is present due to water vapor.
• The latent heat of the air due to water vapor depends on the amount of moisture present in it.
The dew point temperature of the air when it is saturated decides the amount of moisture
content present within the air.
• Hence the latent heat of air depends on the dew point temperature of air. This also implies
that as long as the dew point temperature of the air remains constant, its latent heat will also
remain constant no matter if the dry bulb temperature of the air increases or decreases.
• The latent heat of the air is calculated as follows:

• LH = m*w*hw
• Where: m is the mass of dry air, w is the specific humidity of dry air, and h w is the specific
enthalpy of water vapor taken from the steam tables as the enthalpy of water vapor at dew
point temperature.
To ta l He at Con te nt of t he Air
• The total heat content of the air is the sum of the sensible heat of the air and the latent heat of
the air. Thus,
• Total heat of the air = SH + LH

Ps y ch rome tri c Pro ce s s e s
• In the domestic and industrial air conditioning applications some psychrometric processes
have to be performed on the air to change the psychrometric properties of air so as to obtain
certain values of temperature and humidity of air within the enclosed space.
• Some of the common psychrometric processes carried out on air are: sensible heating and
cooling of air, humidification and dehumidification of air, mixing of various streams of air, or
there may be combinations of the various processes.
• Illustrating and analyzing the psychrometric properties and psychrometric processes by using
the psychrometric chart is very easy, convenient and time saving.
• In the next few slides we shall see some of the most commonly employed psychrometric
processes in the field of HVAC and how they are represented on the psychrometric chart.

Se n s ibl e C oo lin g o f t he Ai r
• Cooling of the air is one of the most common psychrometric processes in the air conditioning
systems.
• The basic function of the air-conditioners is to cool the air absorbed from the room or the
atmosphere, which is at higher temperatures.
• The sensible cooling of air is the process in which only the sensible heat of the air is removed
so as to reduce its temperature, and there is no change in the moisture content (kg/kg of dry
air) of the air.
• During sensible cooling process the dry bulb (DB) temperature and wet bulb (WB)
temperature of the air reduces, while the latent heat of the air, and the dew point (DP)
temperature of the air remains constant. ( DB and WB and (LH) air & DP = Const. )
• There is overall reduction in the enthalpy of the air.

• In the ordinary window or the split air conditioner the cooling of air is carried out by passing
it over the evaporator coil, also called as the cooling coil.
• The room air or the atmospheric air passes over this coil carrying the refrigerant at extremely
low temperatures, and gets cooled and passes to the space which is to be maintained at the
comfort conditions.

• The sensible cooling process is represented by a straight
horizontal line on the psychrometric chart.
• The line starts from the initial DB temperature of the air

and ends at the final DB temperature of the air extending
towards the left side from high temperature to the low
temperature (see the figure below).
• The sensible cooling line is also the constant DP

temperature line since the moisture content of the air
remains constant.
• The initial and final points on the psychrometric chart

give all the properties of the air.

Se ns ib le He a tin g of t he Ai r
• Sensible heating process is opposite to sensible cooling process.
• In sensible heating process the temperature of air is increased without changing its moisture
content.
• During this process the sensible heat, DB and WB temperature of the air increases while
latent of air, and the DP point temperature of the air remains constant.
• ( DP & WB LH and DP = Constant)
• Sensible heating of the air is important when the air conditioner is used as the heat pump to heat the
air.
• In the heat pump the air is heated by passing it over the condenser coil or the heating coil that carry
the high temperature refrigerant.
• In some cases the heating of air is also done to suit different industrial and comfort air-conditioning
applications where large air conditioning systems are used.
Se ns ib le He a tin g of t he Ai r
• In general the sensible heating process is carried out by
passing the air over the heating coil.
• This coil may be heated by passing the hot water, the steam or
by electric resistance heating coil.
• The hot water and steam are used for the industrial
applications.
• Like the sensible cooling, the sensible heating process is also

represented by a straight horizontal line on the psychrometric
chart.
• The line starts from the initial DB temperature of air and ends
at the final temperature extending towards the right (see the
figure).
• The sensible heating line is also the constant DP temperature

line.

Wh at is Humid ifi c ati on Pr oce s s ?
• The process in which the moisture or water vapor or humidity is added to the air without
changing its dry bulb (DB) temperature is called as humidification process.
• This process is represented by a straight vertical line on the psychrometric chart starting from
the initial value of relative humidity, extending upwards and ending at the final value of the
relative humidity.
• In humidification the specific humidity increases form ω1 to ω2 and relative humidity also
increases from ɸ1 to ɸ2

Wh at i s De humid ifi cait o n
• In dehumidification process, the moisture is removed from air without changing its dry bulb
temperature.
• In dehumidification, there is decrease in specific humidity form ω1 to ω2 and relative

humidity also decrease from ɸ1 to ɸ2.

Co ol ing and H um idi fi ca tio n Pr oce s s
• Cooling and humidification process is one of the most commonly used air conditioning
application for the cooling purposes.
• In this process the moisture is added to the air by passing it over the stream or spray of water
which is at temperature lower than the dry bulb temperature of the air.
• When the ordinary air passes over the stream of water, the particles of water present within
the stream tend to get evaporated by giving up the heat to the stream.
• The evaporated water is absorbed by the air so its moisture content, thus the humidity
increases.
• At the same time, since the temperature of the absorbed moisture is less than the DB bulb
temperature of the air, there is reduction in the overall temperature of the air.
• Since the heat is released in the stream or spray of water, its temperature increases.
C o o l i n g a n d H u m i d i fi c a t i o n P r o c e s s - E x a m p l e
• One of the most popular applications of cooling and humidification is the evaporative cooler, also called as the
desert cooler.
• The evaporative cooler is the sort of big box inside which is a small water tank, small water pump and the fan.
• The water from the tank is circulated by the pump and is also sprayed inside the box. The fan blows strong
currents of air over the water sprays, thus cooling the air and humidifying it simultaneously.
• The evaporative cooler is highly effective cooling devise having very low initial and running cost compared to the
unitary air conditioners.
• For cooling purposes, the cooling and humidification process can be used only in dry and hot climates like desert
areas, countries like India, China, Africa etc.
• This cooling process cannot be used in hot and high humidity climates.
• The cooling and humidification process is also used in various industries like textile, where certain level of
temperature and moisture content has to be maintained. In such cases large quantity of water is sprayed, and large
blowers are used to blow the air over the spray of water.

Coo lin g a nd Humi difi cat ion
• During the cooling and humidification process the dry bulb of the air reduces, its wet bulb
and the dew point temperature increases, while its moisture content and thus the relative
humidity also increases. Also, the sensible heat of the air reduces, while the latent heat of the
air increases resulting in the overall increase in the enthalpy of the air.
Cooling and humidification process is represented by an

angular line on the psychrometric chart starting from
the given value of the dry bulb temperature and the
relative humidity and extending upwards toward left.

C ool ing and D e humi difi cat io n Pro ce s s
• The process in which the air is cooled sensibly and at the same time the moisture is removed
from it is called as cooling and dehumidification process.
• Cooling and dehumidification process is obtained when the air at the given dry bulb and dew
point (DP) temperature is cooled below the dew point temperature.
• When the air comes in contact with the cooling coil that is maintained at the temperature
below its dew point temperature, its DB temperature starts reducing.
• The process of cooling continues and at some point it reaches the value of dew point temperature of
the air.
• At this point the water vapor within the air starts getting converted into the dew particles due to
which the dew is formed on the surface of the cooling and the moisture content of the air reduces
thereby reducing its humidity level.
• Thus when the air is cooled below its dew point temperature, there is cooling as well as
dehumidification of air
• The cooling and dehumidification process is most widely used air conditioning application.
• It is used in all types of window, split, packaged and central air conditioning systems for
producing the comfort conditions inside the space to be cooled.
• In the window and split air conditioners the evaporator coil or cooling coil is maintained at
temperature lower than the dew point temperature of the room air or the atmospheric air by the cool
refrigerant passing through it.
• When the room air passes over this coil its DB temperature reduces and at the same time moisture is
also removed since the air is cooled below its DP temperature.
• The dew formed on the cooling coil is removed out by small tubing. In the central air
conditioning systems the cooling coil is cooled by the refrigerant or the chilled water. When
the room air passes over this coil, it gets cooled and dehumidified.
• In the general the cooling and dehumidification process is obtained by passing the air over
coil through which the cool refrigerant, chilled water or cooled gas is passed
Process represented by line 1-2.
The moist air enters the cooling coil at condition 1 and
leaves at condition 2.
It may noted that during cooling and dehumidification
process,
• DBT decreases from dbt1 to dbt2

• Air is cooled & condensation of moisture takes place.
• Specific humidity decreases form ω1 to ω2.
• Relative humidity at outlet is generally higher than that
at inlet.
• Process follow the path 1-A and A-2.
• Path 1-A represents sensible cooling during which DBT
decreases.
• Path A-2 represents dehumidification during which

there is no change in DBT & latent heat condensation is
removed with decreased moisture content.

He at ing and Hu midi fi ca ti on Pr oce s s
• In heating and humidification psychrometric process of the air, the dry bulb temperature as
well as the humidity of the air increases.
• The heating and humidification process is carried out by passing the air over spray of water,
which is maintained at temperature higher than the dry bulb temperature of air or by mixing
air and the steam.
• When the ordinary air is passed over the spray of water maintained at temperature higher
than the dry bulb temperature of the air, the moisture particles from the spray tend to get
evaporated and get absorbed in the air due to which the moisture content of the air increase.
• At the same time, since the temperature of the moisture is greater than the dry bulb
temperature of the air, there is overall increase in its temperature.

He at ing and Hu midi fi ca ti on Pr oce s s
• represented by line 1-2. Air vapor mixture enters at condition 1
Process
& leaves at condition 2.
• There is increase in specific humidity, dry & wet bulb temp, dew
point temp and enthalpy.
• The process follows the path 1-A and A-2.
• Path 1-A represents sensible heating during which the DBT

increases.
• Path A-2 represents humidification during which there is no change

in DBT and latent heat of vaporization is supplied with increased
moisture content (ω1 - ω2)
• ]
• heat + sensible heat

He at ing and D e hum idi fi ca tio n Pro ce s s
• The process in which the air is heated and at the same time moisture is removed from it is
called as heating and dehumidification process.
• This process is obtained by passing the air over certain chemicals like alumina and molecular
sieves. These elements have inherent properties due to which they keep on releasing the heat
and also have the tendency to absorb the moisture. These are called as the hygroscopic
chemicals.
• In actual practice the hygroscopic elements are enclosed in the large vessel and the high
pressure air is passed inside the vessel through one opening.
• When the air comes in contact with the chemicals the moisture from the air is absorbed and
since the chemicals emit heat, the DB temperature of the air increases.
• The hot and dehumidified air comes out from the vessel through other opening in the vessel.
The inlet and outlet openings of the vessel are controlled by the valve.
He at ing and D e hum idi fi ca tio n Pro ce s s
• During the heating and dehumidification process dry bulb temperature of the air increases
while its dew point and wet bulb temperature reduces. On the psychrometric chart, this
process is represented by a straight angular line starting from the given DB temperature
conditions and extending downwards towards right to the final DB temperature conditions.
• The heating and dehumidification process

by using hygroscopic materials is used
often in the air drying units.

Ai r C ond it io ning
• Air conditioning is an artificial process that involves cooling as well as heating coupled
with ventilation, filtration, and air circulation.
• It is the process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity,

cleanliness and distribution to meet the comfort requirement of the occupants of the
conditioned space.

Ap plica t ion of Ai r C on dit io nin g
• Air conditioning which was once considered as luxury has now become a necessity in our day
to day life.
• Application in diverse field such as:

– Residential and office building
– Hospitals, cinema hall and department stores
– Libraries. Museums. Computer centres and research laboratorires.
– Transport vehicles
– Food and process industries

Relationship of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
• It has been mentioned above that the refrigeration and air conditioning are related.
• Even when a space has to be heated, it can be done so by changing the direction of flow of
the refrigerant in the refrigeration system, i.e., the refrigeration system can be used as a heat
pump.
• However, some section of the people, treat refrigeration exclusively the process that deals
with the cooling of the space.
• They treat heating operation associated with the heat pump. The relationship between air
conditioning and refrigeration fields can be understood from the Figure

C omfor t Ai r Con dit io ning & T y pe s
• Depending upon the requirement, air conditioning is divided into the summer air
conditioning and the winter air conditioning.
• In the summer air conditioning, apart from cooling the space, in most of the cases, extra
moisture from the space is removed.
• In the winter air conditioning, space is heated and since in the cold places, normally the
humidity remains low, moisture is added to the space to be conditioned.
• The summer air conditioning thus uses a refrigeration system and a dehumidifier.
• The winter air conditioning uses a heat pump (refrigeration system operated in the reverse
direction) and a humidifier.

C omfor t Ai r Con dit io ning & T y pe s
• Depending upon the comfort of the human beings and the control of environment for the
industrial products and processes, air conditioning can also be classified as comfort air
conditioning and industrial air conditioning.
• Comfort air conditioning deals with the air conditioning of residential buildings, offices
spaces, cars, buses, trains, airplanes, etc.
• Industrial air conditioning includes air conditioning of the printing plants, textile plants,
photographic products, computer rooms, etc

Human C omfor t
• It is condition of mind which express satisfaction with thermal environment.
• It is the state where the person is entirely unaware of his surroundings.
• Dissatisfaction with the thermal environment may be caused by the body as a whole ( being
too hot or cold) or by the unwanted heating or cooling of a particular part of the body ( local
discomfort).
• Human comfort refers to the control of temperature and humidity of air and its circulation so
that the resulting environment becomes human fridendly, the state of environment where
persons feels comfortable.
• Comfort is however a subjective quantity, it depends on the preference of an individual and

varies with age, sex, state of health and clothing etc.

T he r mal Int e rch ange wi th Envi ro nme nt
• Human body is continually gaining and producing heat as well as

losing heat to its surrounding to maintain temp equilibrium.
• Human body can be linked to a machine which receives fuel in

the form of food, converts a fraction of energy in the fuel into
work and rejects the remainder as heat to surroundings.
• It is continuous process of heat rejection which requires thermal

balance.
• Various mechanisms by which temp control is possible and

person feels comfortable are shown in figure.
• A human body attempts to maintain a constant internal

temperature of 37 deg C by balancing it heat generation with the
heat lost to the surroundings

T he r mal Int e rch ange wi th Envi ro nme nt
• The generation of heat occurs in the body cells, circulatory system carries this heat to skin where it is
released to environment.
• The physical basis of comfort lies in the thermal balance of the body, i.e the heat produced by the body
metabolism must be dissipated to the environment otherwise the body would overheat.
• The thermal balance of the body can be expressed as
Qb= W ± Qc ± Qr ±Qe ±Qs
• Qb= Heat produced within the body.

• Qc = Heat gain or loss by convection
• Qr = Heat gain or loss by radiation.
• Qe= Evaporative heat loss due to water evaporating at skin surface.
• Qs = Heat stored in the body reflected by rise temperature of body tissue.
Effe ct ive Te m pe rat ure
• The degree ow warmth or cold felt by human body depends on three factors namely
– Dry Bulb Temperature
– Relative Humidity
– Air Velocity
• People feel comfortable only when all the three parameters, say DBT, RH and air velocity, are
within certain limits as stated above.
• Effective temperature is a single parameter at which people feel comfortable. Effective

temperature is an index of the measure of comfort.
•
Effective temperature (ET) is temperature of saturated air at which people feel comfort as
experienced in the actual unsaturated environment.
• Effective temperature is a measure of feeling warmth or cold by the human body in response
to the air temperature, RH and air motion.

• Construct a constant effective temperature line say S-A on the psychrometric chart, Figure .
Mark point A on the intersection of 50% RH and 25°C DBT. Draw a vertical line from x-axis
corresponding to 21,7°C intersecting the saturation curve at point S. Join the points S and A
indicating constant effective temperature line.
This is an approximate method of obtaining a rough idea about effective temperature.
• As one follows the constant effective temperature line (say from point S to A), one observes
that:
• Specific humidity decreases.
• DBT increases.

• But human beings feel the same comfort as ET remains the same. This is because body loses
more heat in the form of latent heat, i.e. by the evaporation of sweat. An increase in DBT can
be compensated by increasing the air velocity to a certain extent (say 6 m/min to 18 m/min).
• Based on this concept of equal comfort at different conditions, a comfort chart has been
constructed by an international organization called ASHRAE.

He at S tre s s Ind e x
• The combined effect of temperature and humidity is evaluated on terms of heat stress index
which represents the ratio of total evaporative heat loss required for thermal comfort to
maximum evaporative heat loss possible from the environment for steady state condition.
• For steady state conditions

– The skin temperature is held constant to 35deg C in order to limit the rise in body temperature.
– Sweat rate is not to exceed one litre per hour to limit the loss of body fluid.

Human C omfor t Ch ar t
• The concept of effective temperature
enabled a graphical representation of
human comfort conditions in the
form of human comfort chart.
• ASHARE after an extensive survey

involving large number of people
arrived at condition giving same
degree of comfort and represented
them on the graph.

Human C omfor t Ch ar t
• The chart has dry bulb temperature on the x axis and humidity ratio on y axis.
• It shows zone of conditions suitable as inside condition for summer and winter.
• It is noticed that human beings prefer space condition in relation to outside condition.
• Therefore summer comfort zone has higher temperature as compared to winter zone.
• There is small overlap between the two areas.
• The chart allows engineers to choose or suggest to users most economical room conditions
without affecting comfort

F ac to rs affe cti ng H uman Co mfort
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air Movement
• Air Purity

Ind oo r Air Q ual it y
• This is the requirement of user related to the space to air conditioned and gives temperature
related to humidity, air purity, air movement.
• Temperature and humidity are given in range to be maintained 25°C ± 2°C and 50% ±5%
• Air purity gives the largest size of impurity permitted in the room eg. 10 micron.
• The indoor air quality requirement in industrial application is as per the requirement of
manufacture of products,equipment
• Air movement given in two ways

– Range of velocity in the room. Eg. 8 to 15 m/min
– Number of air changes desired. Eg. 3 air changes per hour.

So urce s o f He a t Lo ad / Co ol ing L oad
• The sources of heat load are classified as
– External Source
– Internal Source
• The source may give out Sensible heat load (SH Load) which raises the temperature of room
• Latent heat load ( LH load) which raises moisture content of the room air

Ex te rn al So urce s
• Solar heat gain through glass ( SH Load).
• Heat gain through opaque surface like wall, roof, floor etc.
• Infiltration- The heat load brought in by the outside air entering through windows and door
(SH+LH).
• Ventilation- The heat load of outside air supplied through the system to being fresheness to
the room air. ( SH+LH)

Int e rnal So urc e s
• Occupancy- The heat given out by people occupying the room ( SH+LH).
• Lightning- The heat given out by Lights (SH).
• Equipment- Most of the equipment's give out SH Load. However some like sterilizer, coffee
brewer give out latent heat load as well.
• System Heat gain- This is the load due to air-conditioning system itself. It is of 3 Types
– Duct Heat Gain : Cool air in the duct absorbs heat from outside atmosphere through duct wall (SH).
– Duct Air leakage : The joints of duct are likely to be leaky. This loss of air would result in additional load (SH+LH).
– Blower Power: The blower or fan which circulate air through the complete system expends its power in the supply air as
heat (SH).

Be n e fi t s Of Go od Air Co ndi ti oni ng
• It’s literally a life saver
• Better air quality
• Fewer insects and parasites
• Improved work force efficiency
• Cooler tempers
• Easier sleep
• Protects furniture
• Prevents electronic devices from overheating
• Better security

Bibl iogr aph y
• WR Murphy & G McKay, “Energy Management”, Butterworth Heinemann, 2011
• https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/41447-psychrometric-processes-cooling-
heating-and-humidification/
• http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/Unit%201-32
• https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/39617-psychrometric-properties-of-air-
saturated-and-relative-humidity/

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Con t e nt

• What is Psychrometry, Psychrometric Properties of air

• Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Dew Point Temperature

• Heat Content of the Air : Sensible Heat , Latent Heat

• Sensible Cooling of the Air, Sensible Heating of the Air

• Air Conditioning, Application of Air Conditioning

• Relationship of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

• Comfort Air Conditioning & Types

• Human Comfort, Thermal Interchange with Environment, Human Comfort Chart

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 1

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 2

• The air without any water vapor is called as dry air.

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 3

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 4

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 5

• Partial Pressure of Dry Air (Pd)

• Partial Pressure of Water Vapor (Pw)

• As per the Dalton’s law of partial pressure: P = Pd + Pw

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 8

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 9

• Relative humidity is expressed in percentage.

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 10

• Wet Bulb Temperature of Air (WBT)

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 12

• When the dew is formed the air is said to be in saturated condition.

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 13

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 14

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 15

• The sensible heat of the air is calculated as follows:

• The latent heat of the air is calculated as follows:

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 18

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 19

• There is overall reduction in the enthalpy of the air.

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 20

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 21

• The line starts from the initial DB temperature of the air

• The sensible cooling line is also the constant DP

• The initial and final points on the psychrometric chart

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 22

• Like the sensible cooling, the sensible heating process is also

• The sensible heating line is also the constant DP temperature

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 24

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 25

• In dehumidification, there is decrease in specific humidity form ω1 to ω2 and relative

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 26

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 28

Cooling and humidification process is represented by an

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 29

• DBT decreases from dbt1 to dbt2

• Path A-2 represents dehumidification during which

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 32

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 33

• Path 1-A represents sensible heating during which the DBT

• Path A-2 represents humidification during which there is no change

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 34

• The heating and dehumidification process

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 36

• It is the process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity,

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 38

• Application in diverse field such as:

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 39

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 40

Instructor: Sandip S. Kale PEABZC353 /POWAB ZC333Energy Management 16 April 2019 41