2.

SOLAR LOAD
The heat gain due to transmission of solar energy from the sun passes through the
transparent building component such as glass especially the windows and becomes a heat
to the room. This will cause a load to a room or building. Its value varies with time,
orientation, shading and storage effect (Pita, 2002).

Solar Load through Transparent Surfaces

The solar load through glass in the building is equal to zero since there is no Glass
materials used in the wall in the north and south side of the building.
QGLASS = (SHGFMAX)(SC)(CLF)(A)
Where:
SC = Shading Coefficient
CLF = Cooling load factor
SHGF = the maximum solar heat gain factor, W/m2;
A = Total surface area

Maximum SHGF is the maximum solar heat gain factor for glass windows and glass
doors are expressed in W/m2. SHGF is affected by orientation, tilt, month, day, hour,
and latitude. The SHGF value is a statistical data; available in Air Conditioning Principle
and Systems by Pita (2002). This table shows the maximum SHGF for sunlit glass.

Maximum SHGF for Sunlit Glass

 16o. NW latitude location
SHFG  July as the reference month. 127.76
 Located West side of the room

Another factor that is being considered in computation is the shading coefficient

(SC). Shading coefficient is used to adjust the SHGF values for other type of glass or to
account for inside shading devices. The glass used for windows within the building have
the corresponding shading coefficient.
 Shading Coefficient
GLASS PRODUCT SHADING COEFFICIENT
Single Glass
Heat Absorbing Type of Glass 0.95
No Indoor Shading

Since this process may involve a significant time lag, it is also usual practice to
include a cooling load factor (CLF) in calculating the cooling load attributable to
radiation through glass. In determining the CLF, will be used based from Air
Conditioning Principle and Systems.

 Glass without interior shading having uncarpeted

CLF floors.
0.51
 Located at West side of the room
 Thick construction room 17:00 as the time with the
highest value

Computation of solar heat gain through transparent surface is shown below is,

QGLASS = (SHGFMAX)(SC)(CLF)(A)
QGLASS = (127.76 W/m2)(0.95)(0.51)(1.32 m2)
QGLASS = 81.71 W

CALCULATIONS FOR TOTAL SOLAR LOAD

QTOTAL SOLAR LOAD = QOPAQUE + QTRANSPARENT
QTOTAL SOLAR LOAD = 905.99 + 81.71
QTOTAL SOLAR LOAD = 987.7 W
Solar Load through Opaque Surfaces

Most exterior surfaces of a building are exposed to direct sunlight during some
portion of the day. Solar heat energy is generated by the sun and radiated to earth. When
the sun’s rays strike an opaque surface, a certain amount of radiant heat energy is
transferred to the opaque surface resulting in an increase in the surface temperature. The
amount of heat transferred depends primarily on the color and smoothness of the surface,
and the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the opaque surface (Trane, 2004).

Q = U X A X CLTDC
Where:
Q - Heat gain due to transmission of solar energy on walls, W;
U - Overall heat-transfer coefficient of walls, W/ m2K;
A - Surface area of walls, m2 and;
CLTDC - Corrected Cooling Load Temperature Difference for wall, °C
Using the table from Air Conditioning Principle and Systems by Pita (2002), group
number of wall construction was determined. Figure 1.6 shows group number along with
the description of construction of the wall.
Light and Heavyweight Concrete block
Type E 8 in. Block

The assumed CLTD for the wall is type E which is 200 mm (8 inches) concrete block
with interior and exterior finish. The value for CLTD is 11. For the adjusted or corrected
cooling load temperature difference for wall, the computation is shown below.
CLTDC = CLTD + (25 – ) + (ta – 29)
CLTDC = 11 + (25 – 24) + (33 – 29)
CLTDC = 16
Substitute the given values, solar load through opaque surface can be computed
using equation 1.2.
QCONCRETE WALL C = UA (CLTDc)
 QCONCRETE WALL C = (1.89 W/m2 K)(29.96 m2) (16) = 905.99 W = 0.906 kW

3. INTERNAL COOLING LOAD

Internal heat gain is the sum of all the heat produced by the number of people, lightings,
and equipment operating within the space.
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙= 𝑄𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠+ 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠+ 𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
a. Occupant Load
Q = Qs + QL

Where:

Q - Total heat gain from the occupants, W;

Qs - Sensible heat gain from the occupants, W and;
QL - Latent heat gain from the occupants, W.

For the sensible heat gain (Qs), equation 1.2 is used (Stoecker and Jones, 1982):

Qs = qs x n x CLF

Where:

qs – Sensible heat, W;
n - Number of the occupants, and;
CLF - Cooling load factor.
For the latent heat gain (QL), equation 1.3 is used (Stoecker and Jones, 1982):
QL = ql x n
Where:
ql – Sensible heat, W;
n - Number of the occupants.
In determining the sensible heat produced by the occupants, representative rates
at which heat and moisture are given off by human beings in different states of activity
provided by 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals was used. Table 2.18 shows the equivalent
qs and qL of the occupants.
 No. of People 20 Students 1 Professor
SHG 70w 75w
LHG 45w 55w

Based on ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, the cooling load factor of 8 hours

after each entry into space and 8 total hours in space is 0.84. Given the sensible heat,
latent heat, cooling load factor and number of occupants, total load due to occupants
can be computed.
Calculations of sensible and latent heat from the occupants
Q s = (N × SHG × CLF)s + (N × SHG × CLF)p
Q s = (20 × 70 × 0.84)s + (1 × 75 × 0.84)p
Q s = 1239 w
Q L = (N × LHG)s + (N × LHG)p
Q L = (20 × 45)s + (1 × 55)p
Q L = 955 W
Total Cooling Load Computation
QOCCUPANT = QS + QL
QOCCUPANT = 1239 W + 955 W
QOCCUPANT = 2194 W
 Lighting Load
The amount of heat gain in the space due to lighting depends on the wattage of the
lamps and the type of fixture. The portion of the heat emanating from lighting, which is
in the form of radiant energy, is not an instantaneous load on the air conditioning
system. The radiant energy from the lights is first absorbed by the walls, floor and
furnishings of the space and their temperatures then increase at a rate dependent on
their mass. Shown below is the formula to be used in computing lighting load.

𝐐𝐋𝐋 = (𝐋𝐚𝐦𝐩 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐰)(𝐅𝐮 )(𝐅𝐛 )(𝐂𝐋𝐅)(𝐍)

Where:
FU = Utilization Factor
Fb = Ballast Factor
CLF= Cooling load factor
 No. of Lights 12
Wattage/Light 24
Fu (All lights are on) 36w
Fb 1.2
CLF 0.55
Consideration:
a. 14 Hours of usage
b. 15 Hours of after lights are turned on.
c. Fixture Y: Free- Hanging lights are vented.

N= No. of Lights

Reference: Table 4-10 “Sensible heat cooling load factors for people”
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by Stoecker & Jones, pg74.

Calculations of total heat gain from lights:

Q LL = (Lamp Rating, w)(Fu )(Fb )(CLF)(N)
Q LL = (36)(1)(1.2)(0.55)(12)
𝐐𝐋𝐋 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 W

TOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

QTOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD = QOCCUPANT + QLIGHTING
QTOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD = 2194 W + 285.12 W
QTOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD = 2479.12 W