A.

Internal Load
The internal load of the cold storage facility can be attributed to the following:
people load, polyethylene box pallets, lights, forklifts, and fans.

It was assumed that 4 personnel, one in charge of the maintenance and inspection
of the product and the other for the driving of the forklift, one for stacking and one for
management regularly working in the cold storage facility which has an inside
temperature of 0°C. The heat load contributed by each personnel was then computed as,

Equation (19) qperson = (272-6T) (N)

q person=( 272−6 ( 0 ) ) ( 4 )
q person=1088 W
where
qperson = heat load contributed by personnel, kJ/hr
T = temperature of the refrigerated space, °C
N = number of working personnel

Polyethylene box pallets were used as containers of the cabbage which also
contribute to the total internal load inside the cold storage facility. It was assumed that
each pallet has the following properties: density = 0.95 g/m3, specific heat = 1.8 kJ/m3,
mass = 2.85 kg. The heat load contributed by the 4200 pallets was then computed as

Equation (20) qpallet = (mCp∆T) (N)

kJ
(
q pallet =( 2.85 kg ) 1.88
kg−K )
( 22 K )( 4200 pallets )
q pallet =474 012W

where
qpallet = heat load contributed by pallets, kJ
m = mass of each crate, kg
∆T = difference between outside air temperature and air
temperature of the refrigerated space, K
N = total number of pallets used
Equipments such as lights and fans also contributed to the internal heat load since
they dissipated electrical energy to the system. For the lighting, 17 lighting fixtures were
used, each with four T5HO fluorescent lamps. It was assumed that 1 light was needed for
every 56 m2 of the cold storage facility and each lighting fixture generates 8W/m 2. The
heat load contributed by the lighting was then computed as,
Equation (21) qlights = (heatgen) (A)(N)
W
q lights=8 ( 20 m )( 45 m ) (17 lighting fixtures)
m2
q lights=122 400 W
 where
qlights = heat load contributed by lighting, kJ/hr
heatgen = heat generated by each lighting fixture, W/m2
N = total number of lighting fixtures
A = Area
Eight evaporative fans were also used with heat generation of 993 W per fan
(ASHRAE, 2010). The heat load contributed by the fans were computed as
Equation (22) qfans = (heatgen) (N)
q fans=993 W ( 8 fans )

q fans=7944 W

where
qfans = heat load contributed by the fans, KW
heatgen = heat generated by each fan
N = total number of fans

A 3-phase AC electric lift truck was used with an 18-kW motor. Assuming that
the forklift truck will be in the cold storage facility 15 minutes each hour during the 8-
hour working day, the heat generated by the truck was 20, 439.05 W (ASHRAE, 2010).
q internal =q fans +q truck +qlights +q pallet +q people=¿7944W +20 ,439.05 W + 122400 W +474 012 W+1088W =625883.05W ¿

Air Infiltration Load

Infiltration is due to the difference in pressure between the outside environment and the inside
environment of the cold storage facility which may be caused by wind pressure, mechanical ventilation
and stack effect due to indoor and outdoor temperature difference.

The door is the major factor contributing for the air infiltration load. In this project, an automatic
vertical sliding door was used since this design of door is suitable for cold storage facility. Moreover, this
also helps for the ease of operation and for heavy duty operations. The dimension of the door is 2.1
meters in height and 2 meters in length.
 Figure. Proposed door for the cold storage facility

In the computation of the air infiltration load, some properties are assumed, as
summarized in Table 5.

Table 5. Properties used in the computation of air infiltration load

Property Value Unit SOURCE

doorway flow factor 0.8 ASHRAE, 2010
effectiveness of 0.95
doorway protective
device
number of doorway 6
passages
door open-close time 15 seconds per ASHRAE, 2010
passage
time door simply stands 30 minutes
open
daily time period 8 hours
infiltration enthalpy 56 KJ/kg-K Psychrometric
air specific 0.85 m3/kg chart given the
volume properties:
humidity 0.01335 kg-v/kg-da Tair = 19 °C
ratio Relative Humidity
= 80.5%
 refrigerated enthalpy 9.283 KJ/kg-K Psychrometric
air specific 0.7777 m3/kg chart given the
volume properties:
humidity 0.003699 kg-v/kg-da Tair = 0 °C
ratio Relative Humidity
= 98%

The decimal portion of time doorway is open (D t) is calculated below which results to a value of
0.063542.

(P θ p +60 θo ) ((2 ×15)+( 60× 30))

Dt = = =0.063542
3600 θd 3600 × 8

The sensible and latent heat refrigeration load for fully established flow is calculated below.
0.5
ρi
q=0.221 A (h i−hr ) ρr 1−( ) ρr
( gH )0.5 F m

ω+1 0.003699+1 kg
ρr = = =1.290599203 3
v 0.7777 m

ω+ 1 0.01335+1 kg
ρi= = =1.1921276471 3
v 0.85 m
1.5 1.5
2 2
F m=

[ ()] [ (
ρ
1+ r
ρi
1/ 3
=
1+
1.290599203
1.1921276471 )
1
3
] =0.9802251708

0.5
1.1921276471
q=0.221 × 4.2 ( 57.21−9.283 ) × 1.290599203× 1−
1.290599203 ( ) 0.5
× ( 9.81 ×2.1 ) × 0.9802251708=70.557454

Based on the calculations above, the sensible and latent refrigeration load is equal to
70.55745492 kW .

To calculate the infiltration load,

q infiltration =q Dt Df ( 1−E )=70.55745492 ×0.063542× 0.8 × ( 1−0.9 )=0.358668944 kW

Assuming that the effectiveness of doorway protective device (E) is equal to 0.9, the infiltration
load is equal to 0.358668944 kW .

Product load
 In the computation of the product load, important thermodynamic and physical
properties of cabbage were known, as listed in Table 4.
Table 4. Properties of cabbage used in the computation of product load

Property Value Unit Source

moisture content 92.15 %
initial freezing point -0.9 °C
specific heat above 4.02 kJ/kg-K
freezing ASHRAE, 2010
specific heat below 1.85 kJ/kg-K
freezing
latent heat of fusion 308 kJ/kg
heat of respiration 0.016 W/g
thermal conductivity 0.5268 W/m-K
initial temperature 22 °C
required cooling 0 °C
temperature
total mass 232872.0771 kg

The sensible heat and heat of respiration of cabbage were computed using equations (9)
and (10), respectively. The total product load was then computed using equation (11)

Equation (9) q sens =m C p (T 1−T 2)

kJ
(
¿ ( 232872.0771 kg ) 4.02
kg−K )( 22−0 ) K
q sens =20595206.5 kJ
Assuming 8 hours
q sens =715111.3368W

where
q sens = sensible heat, KJ
m = mass of product, kg
Cp = specific heat of product above freezing point, KJ/kg-K
T1 = initial temperature of product, K
T2 = required cooling temperature of product, K

Equation (10) q resp=mR

¿ 232872.0771 kg ( 1000
1 kg
g
)( W
.016 )
g

q resp=3725953.234W

where
 q resp= heat of respiration, kJ
m = mass of product, W/g
q product =q resp +q sensible =¿ 3725953.234W +15111.3368 W =4441064.571W ¿

TRANSMISSION LOAD

The insulation used in walls, ceilings and floors is the Styrofoam HD300, an extruded
polystyrene insulation. This insulation material was used because of its lifetime high thermal
insulation performance, high resistance to moisture permeation and absorption, outstanding
mechanical strength, high resistance to fire and requires low maintenance. The cross-sectional
area of the insulations are shown in the figures below. The thickness of the concrete walls were
170 mm. This is based from the National Building Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 6541)
that says a wall thickness of such will have a four-hour fire-resistive rating. Assume that the
transmission load in the door will be as same as the constant in the walls. Therefore, the walls
considered will have constant length throughout the computation.

T=0°C Tamb=22°C

h= 15 W/m2-K h= 10 W/m2-K

Figure 3. Cross-section of the proposed wall design

 Tamb= 19°C h= 10W/m2-K

T=0°C h=15 W/m2-K

Figure 4. Cross-section design of the floor.

Tamb= 19°C h= 10W/m2-K

T=0°C h=15 W/m2-K

 Figure 5. Cross-section design of the ceiling

The computation for the total transmission load is as follows:

1
U=
1 x 1
+ +
hi k h f

1
U 1= =0.2424
1 .17 .1 1
+ + +
10 1.5 .026 15

1
U 2= =0.2464
1 6 x 10−3 .1 1
+ + +
10 .13 .026 15

qtrans= UA∆ T

q trans for wall=2 ( 0.2424 ( 7 m x 45 m )( 22−0 ) ) +2 ( ( .02424 ) ( 20 m x 7 m ) ( 22−0 )) =36426.9202W

q trans for floor =0.2424(20 m x 45 m)(22−0)=4798.6577 W

q trans for ceiling=0.2464 (20 m x 45 m)( 22−0)=4878.0796W

qtrans=36426.9202W + 4798.6577 W + 4878.0796W =46103.6575W

A. Equipment load
The equipment load was computed using the formula,

Equation (23) q equip = 0.05 ¿

where
 q equip = equipment load, kJ
q ∏ ¿¿ = product load, kJ
q infil= infiltration load, kJ
q trans = transmission load, kJ
q∫ ¿¿ = internal load, kJ

With a safety factor of 10%, the total refrigeration cooling load was then
computed as

Equation (23) q total =q ∏ ¿+q infil

+qtrans+q
∫¿+ qequip + SF =4441064.571 ¿
¿

where
q total = total refrigeration cooling load, kJ
q ∏ ¿¿ = product load, kJ
q infil= infiltration load, kJ
q trans = transmission load, kJ
q∫ ¿¿ = internal load, kJ
q equip = equipment load, kJ
SF = safety factor = 0.10 (q ∏ ¿+q +q +q infil trans ∫¿+ qequip ¿
¿)

Table 7. Amount of factors affecting efrigeration cooling load of the cold storage for cabbage.

Type of Load q
Transmission load 46103.6575 W
Product load 4441064.571 W
Internal load 625883.05 W
Air infiltration load 0.358668944 kW
Equipment load 255670.4974 W
Safety factor 477543.392

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2006-2017). Volume of Production per Region

and by Province. http://countrystat.psa.gov.ph/?cont=10&pageid=1&ma=A60PNVOP Accessed 22
October 2017.

Philippines Statistics Authority. 2016. Major vegetables and root crop; Quarterly bulletin. Volume 9,
Issue 4. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/vege_oct_dec2015_0.pdf Accessed 22 October 2017.