Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics

Power Laboratory
ENME411
Section: 1

Experiment No’s: 8
Experiment Title: EXPERIMENTAL HEAT PUMP AND AIR COOLER.

Prepared By:
Malik Karjeh, 1172696

Partner’s:
Othman Essam, 1150190
Abdalllah Abed

Date of Performance: 08/05/2023

Date of Submit: 15/05/2023
Abstract:
This experiment aims to examine the effectiveness of an experimental heat pump, understand its
principles, show its components, identify the difference between the unit’s cooling and heating
modes, measure the unit’s heating and cooling capacity, and calculate its coefficient of
performance. During experimentation, a temperature reading through the cycle was measured in
addition to the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures, which were used to find the humidity. These
values were used to calculate a lot of parameters, such as the coefficient of performance, heat
addition, and heat rejection, for both processes.
Objectives:

1. Know the components of a vapor compression cycle.

2. Distinguish the cooling and heating modes of the heat pump.
3. Measuring the cooling or heating capacity of the unit
4. Measuring the COP of the unit
5. Investigate the effect of heat removal on unit performance.
6. Determining air properties and the use of a psychrometric chart

Calculations:

Part A: Transient.

Note that all data selected in these calculations taken at time 15 second.

To calculate the density of dry air in (Kg/m3 ) entering to the unit, it used the following
equation:

1 Pa
ρa = = (1)
v RT

Where:

v : The specific volume of air (m3 / Kg).

Pa: The atmospheric pressure (101000 N / Kg ¿.

R : The specific gas constant ( R=289 J /Kg . K ¿.

T : The air temperature ( K ¿.

101000 3
ρa = =1.185 Kg/m
287∗(24+273)

The density of saturated water vapor calculated as it shown below:

1
ρw = (2)
v

Where:

v : The specific volume of saturated water vapor at 23 ℃=48.548 m3 / Kg.

 1 3
ρw = =0.021 Kg/m
48.548

The specific humidity of the air entering the unit calculated as it shown:

ϕ ρw
γ= (3)
ρa

Where:

ϕ : The relative humidity.

( 74 % )∗0.021
γ= =0.013
1.185

The flow rate of discharge air can find as following:

V̇ =0.3014
√ H 1 T1
Pa
(4 )

Where:

V̇ : The volumetric flow rate of discharge air (m3 /s ).

H 1: The velocity head (mm H 2 O).

T 1: The temperature of air at discharge ( K ).

Pa: The atmospheric pressure (Pa).

V̇ =0.3014
√ 41∗(273+13)
101000
3
=0.103 m /s

To calculate the mass flow rate of air in the duct by this equation:

ṁ1=0.0015
√ H 1 Pa
T2
(5)

Where:

ṁ1: The mass flow rate of air in the duct (Kg/ s).

T 2: The temperature of air at discharge (K ).

 ṁ1=0.0015
√ 41∗101000
(273+ 13)
=0.126 Kg/s

The mass flow rate of circulating water obtained by this equation:

ṁ2=V̇ ρw (6)

Where:

ṁ2: The mass flow rate of circulating water ( Kg/ s).

4
ṁ2= =0.067 Kg/ s
60

The power used by the fan calculated by:

E F =Etot −E c (7)

Where:

E F : The electrical power used by the fan ( KW ).

Etot : The total electrical power ( KW ).

EC : The electrical power used by compressor ( KW ).

E F =1.3−0.9=0.4 KW

The enthalpy of the dry air entering to the unit computed by:

Q1=ṁ1 C p T 1 (8)

Where:

Q1: The enthalpy of the dry air at inlet ( KJ / s).

C p: The specific heat of air (1012 J / Kg. K ).

0.126∗1012∗(24+ 273)
Q 1= =38 KJ /s
1000

The enthalpy of water vapor entering to the conditioner:

Q2=ϕ ṁ1 hv (9)

Where:

h v: The vapor enthalpy (2532.57 J / Kg ¿.

2532.57∗0.126∗0.013
Q 2= =4.11 KJ /s
1000

Enthalpy of dry air exiting from the unit:

Q3= ṁ1 C p T 2(10)

Q3=0.126∗1012∗( 273+13 ) =36.57 KJ /s

The enthalpy of water vapor leaving the conditioner:

Q4 =ϕ ṁ1 h v (11)

2532.57∗0.126∗0.013
Q4 = =4.12 KJ / s
1000

The enthalpy of circulating water at inlet:

Q6= ṁ2 C w T 3 (12)

Where:

C w: The specific heat of water (4186.4 J / Kg. K ).

T 3: The circulating water temperature at inlet ( K ).

0.067∗4186.4∗(273+ 23)
Q 6= =82.6 KJ /s
1000

The enthalpy of circulating water at outlet:

Q7= ṁ2 C w T 4 (13)

Where:

T 4: The circulating water temperature at outlet ( K ).

0.067∗4186.4∗(273+33)
Q 7= =85.4 KJ /s
1000
To find the radiation and stray losses, it can be found from steady flow energy balance equation
as following:

Q8=(Q6 +Q7 )−Etot −(Q ¿ ¿ 3+Q 4 )+ ( Q1+Q 2) ( 14 ) ¿

Q8= ( 82+ 58 )−1.3−( 36.5+4.11 ) + ( 38+ 4.12 )=−0.09 KJ / s

The coefficient can be found by two ways:

1. The overall of external coefficient:

(Q ¿ ¿ 3+Q 4)+ ( Q 1 +Q 2 )
COP ex = (15)¿
E tot

(36.5+ 4.12 ) + ( 38+ 4.11 )

COP ex = =1.077
1.3

The corresponding ideal value:

0.5(T 1+ T 2 )
( CO P H )max = (16)
0.5 ( T 1 +T 2 )−0.5 (T 3 +T 4 )

0.5(24+13)
( CO P H )max = =1.95
0.5 ( 24+13 ) −0.5(23+ 33)

2. The internal coefficient:

(Q ¿ ¿ 3+Q 4)−EF −( Q1 +Q2 )

( CO P H )¿ = EC
(17)¿

(36.5+ 4.12 )−0.4−( 40+ 4.12 )

( CO P H )¿ = 0.9
=2

The corresponding ideal value:

T 10
( CO P H )max = T −T (18)
10 8

Where:

T 10: The temperature of refrigerant to air at heat exchanger outlet (℃ ).

T 8: The temperature of refrigerant to air at heat exchanger inlet (℃ ).

| |
2
( CO P H )max = 2−36 =0.06

The coefficient of performance:

(Q ¿ ¿ 3+Q4 )
( CO P H ) E=( Q1 +Q2 ) − E + E (19)¿
C F

( 40+ 4.12 )−( 36.5+ 4.12 )

( CO P H ) E= 1.3
=1.08

The ideal coefficient:

T2
( CO P H )ideal = T −T (20)
2 3

| 13
|
( CO P H )ideal = 13−23 =1.3

The heat added can calculated as following:

Q Add =Q 4 +Q3−Q2−Q 1( 21)

Q Add =4.12+36.57−4.11−37.97=−1.4 KJ / s

And the heat rejection:

Qrej =Q7−Q 6 (22)

Qrej =85.41−82.62=2.8 KJ / s

Part B: Steady State.

 The data used in this part from run 3.

 The equations used in this part are the same the pervious part.

To calculate the density of dry air in ( Kg/ m 3 ) entering to the unit, it used the following
equation:

101000 3
ρa = =1.181 Kg /m
287∗(25+273)
The density of saturated water vapor calculated as it shown below:

1 3
ρw = =0.019 Kg /m
51.418

The specific humidity of the air entering the unit calculated as it shown:

( 67 % )∗0.019
γ= =0.019
1.181

The flow rate of discharge air can find as following:

V̇ =0.3014
√ 41∗(273+13)
101000
=0.103 m3 /s

To calculate the mass flow rate of air in the duct by this equation:

ṁ1=0.0015
√ 41∗101000
(273+ 13)
=0.126 Kg/s

The mass flow rate of circulating water obtained by this equation:

3
ṁ 2= =0.05 Kg/s
60

The power used by the fan calculated by:

E F =1.3−0.9=0.4 KW

The enthalpy of the dry air entering to the unit computed by:

0.126∗1012∗(25+273)
Q 1= =38 KJ /s
1000

The enthalpy of water vapor entering to the conditioner:

Q2=ϕ ṁ1 hv (9)

Where:

2541.1∗0.126∗0.011
Q 2= =3.52 KJ /s
1000

Enthalpy of dry air exiting from the unit:

 Q3=0.126∗1012∗( 273+13 ) =36.57 KJ /s

The enthalpy of water vapor leaving the conditioner:

94.3∗0.126∗0.011
Q4 = =3.54 KJ /s
1000

The enthalpy of circulating water at inlet:

0.05∗4186.4∗(273+23)
Q 6= =62 KJ /s
1000

The enthalpy of circulating water at outlet:

0.05∗4186.4∗(273+38)
Q 7= =65 KJ / s
1000

To find the radiation and stray losses, it can be found from steady flow energy balance equation
as following:

Q8= ( 22+ 65 )−1.3−( 36.57+3.53 ) + ( 38+ 3.51 )=−1.22 KJ /s

The coefficient can be found by two ways:

1. The overall of external coefficient:

(36.57 +3.53 ) + ( 38+3.51 )

COP ex = =1.17
1.3

The corresponding ideal value:

0.5(25+13)
( CO P H )max = =1.65
0.5 ( 25+13 )−0.5 (23+38)

2. The internal coefficient:

(36.57 +3.53 )−0.4− ( 38+3.52 )

( CO P H )¿ = 0.9
=2.13

The corresponding ideal value:

|4|
( CO P H )max = 4−71 =0.105
 The coefficient of performance:

( 38+3.52 )− (36.57 +3.53 )

( CO P H ) E= 1.3
=1.17

The ideal coefficient:

| 13
|
( CO P H )ideal = 13−23 =1.3

The heat added can calculated as following:

Q Add =3.45+ 36.6−3.52−38.1=−1.52 KJ /s

And the heat rejection:

Qrej =65.1−61.96=3.14 KJ /s

Results:

Part A: Transient.

Time Water Flow Rate T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

(min) (L.P.M) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C)

0 4 25 24 22 32 23 24 47 34 40 3

5 4 24 13 22 33 1 1 52 36 53 1

10 4 24 12 22 33 2 1 60 37 61 2

15 4 24 13 23 33 2 2 63 36 65 2

20 4 24 13 23 33 3 2 64 34 65 2

25 4 24 13 23 33 2 2 66 37 67 2

Table (1): Recordings Values for Transient Section.

 Table (2): Recordings Values for Transient Section.

Total Power WBT

Compressor Power (KW) DBT (˚C) Ø
(KW) (˚C)

1.35 0.95 22.5 20 76%

1.3 0.9 21 25 66%

1.3 0.9 21.5 25 69%

1.3 0.9 22 25 74%

1.3 0.95 21.5 25.5 67%

1.3 0.9 22 25 74%

Air Density Saturated water vapor Specific Discharge Air flow Rate m1
m2 (kg/s)
(kg/m^3) Density (kg/m^3) Humidity (m^3/s) (kg/s)

1.181 0.019 0.012 0.105 0.124 0.067

1.185 0.019 0.011 0.103 0.126 0.067

1.185 0.019 0.011 0.103 0.127 0.067

1.185 0.021 0.013 0.103 0.126 0.067

1.185 0.021 0.012 0.103 0.126 0.067

1.185 0.021 0.013 0.103 0.126 0.067

Table (3): The Properties and Flow Rates.

Fan Power (kW) Q1 (kJ/s) Q2 (kJ/s) Q3 (kJ/s) Q4 (kJ/s) Q6 (kJ/s) Q7 (kJ/s) Q8 (kJ/s)
 0.4 37.39 3.92 37.26 3.93 82.34 85.13 -1.32

0.4 37.97 3.46 36.57 3.47 82.34 85.41 -0.37

0.4 38.04 3.63 36.50 3.63 82.34 85.41 -0.23

0.4 37.97 4.12 36.57 4.12 82.62 85.41 -0.08

0.35 37.97 3.70 36.57 3.70 82.62 85.41 -0.09

0.4 37.97 4.12 36.57 4.12 82.62 85.41 -0.09

Table (4): The Enthalpy Flow Rates.

COP ex COP id ex COP in COP id in COP hp COP id

0.088 9.80 0.546 0.097 0.088 12.000

1.077 2.06 2.001 0.029 1.077 1.444

1.182 1.894736842 2.152 0.057 1.182 1.200

1.082 1.947368421 2.007 0.059 1.082 1.300

1.080 1.947368421 1.846 0.063 1.080 1.300

1.080 1.947368421 2.004 0.057 1.080 1.300

Table (5): The Coefficient of Performance.

 Time vs. Compressor Power
0.96

0.95

0.94
Compressor Power (KW)

0.93

0.92

0.91

0.9

0.89

0.88

0.87
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Figure 1:The Relationship Between Time and The Compressor Power.

Time vs. Total Power

1.36
1.35
1.34
Total Power (KW)

1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Figure 2:The Relationship Between Time and The Total Power.

 Time vs. Discharge Air Temperature
25

23

Temperature (C) 21

19

17

15

13

11
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Figure 3:The Relationship Between Time and The Discharge Air Temperature.

Heat Added and Rejected VS Time

Heat Added VS Time Heat Rejected VS Time
4

3
Heat Flow Rate (kJ/s)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-1

-2
Time (min)

Figure 4:The Relationship Between Time and Heat Addition and Heat Rejection.
 Part B: Steady State.

Water Flow Rate T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

Time (min)
(L.P.M) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C)

5 5 25 13 23 33 2 2 67 36 68 2

5 6 25 13 23 31 2 1 67 34 69 1

5 3 25 13 23 38 4 3 69 42 71 4

5 2 25 14 23 44 5 5 70 50 71 3

Table (6): Recordings Values for Steady State Section.

Total Power (KW) Compressor Power (KW) WBT (˚C) DBT (˚C) Ø

1.25 0.85 22 25 82%

1.25 0.85 22 25.5 70%

1.3 0.9 22 26 67%

1.35 0.95 22 26 67%

Table (7): Recordings Values for Steady State Section.

Air Density Saturated water vapor Specific Discharge Air flow Rate
m1 (kg/s) m2 (kg/s)
(kg/m^3) Density (kg/m^3) Humidity (m^3/s)

1.181 0.019 0.014 0.103 1.181 0.019

1.181 0.019 0.012 0.103 1.181 0.019

1.181 0.019 0.011 0.103 0.126 0.050

1.181 0.019 0.011 0.103 0.126 0.033

 Table (8): The Enthalpy Flow Rates.

Fan Power (kW) Q1 (kJ/s) Q2 (kJ/s) Q3 (kJ/s) Q4 (kJ/s) Q6 (kJ/s) Q7 (kJ/s) Q8 (kJ/s)

0.4 38.10 4.31 36.57 4.34 103.27 106.76 -1.58

0.4 38.10 3.68 36.57 3.70 123.93 127.28 -1.43

0.4 38.10 3.52 36.57 3.54 61.96 65.10 -1.22

0.4 38.04 3.52 36.63 3.54 41.31 44.24 -1.14

Table (9): The Properties and Flow Rates.

COP ex COP id ex COP in COP id in COP hp COP id

1.210 2.111 2.250 0.059 1.210 1.300

1.213 2.375 2.254 0.030 1.213 1.300

1.167 1.652 2.130 0.105 1.167 1.300

1.027 1.393 1.880 0.064 1.027 1.556

Table (10): The Coefficient of Performance.

 Time vs. Compressor Power
0.96

Compressor Power (KW)

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (min)

Figure 5:The Relationship Between Time and The Compressor Power.

Time vs. Total Power

1.36
1.35
1.34
Total Power (KW)

1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (min)

Figure 6:The Relationship Between Time and The Total Power.

 Time vs. Discharge Air Temperature
14.5

14
Temperature (C) 13.5

13

12.5

12

11.5

11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (min)

Figure 7:The Relationship Between Time and The Discharge Air Temperature.

Flow vs. Total Power

1.36
1.35
1.34
Total Power (KW)

1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.4
Flow (m^3/s)

Figure 8:The Relationship Between Flow Rate of Water and The Total Power.
 Added and Rejected Heat VS Time
Added Heat VS Time Rejected Heat VS Time
4

3
Heat Flow Rate (kJ/s)

0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
-1

-2
Time (min)

Figure 9:The Relationship Between Time and Heat Addition and Heat Rejection.

A dde d and R e je ct e d He at VS Wat e r F l ow

R at e
Added Heat VS Water Flow Rate Rejected Heat VS Water Flow Rate
4

3
Heat Flow Rate (kJ/s)

0
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
-1

-2
Water Flow Rate (kg/s)

Figure 10:The Relationship Between Flow Rate and Heat Addition and Heat Rejection.

Discussion of Results:
When looking at figure (3), it is evident that the air temperature at discharge (T 2) rises with time,
demonstrating a proportional relationship between time and air discharge temperature. The
compressor's electrical input power and time relationship are depicted in figure 1; at the start of
the experiment, the input power grows linearly before reaching a constant amount. This has to do
with how the heat pump's capacity management and variable speed drive compressor balance
supply and demand. In this instance, a constant supply results in a constant speed drive, which
results in a constant electrical power supply. The total electrical input to the compressor and fan
is shown in figure (2). As we can see, the power is going up incrementally because more power
is being placed into the fan to spread the air in the duct and the room.
The temperature of the air discharge decreased abruptly as a result of the change in water flow
rate, then raised once again and stayed steady, as shown in figure 6 of the connection between
temperature and time. This is as a result of the process having a constant state.
While figure (5) depicts a linear rise in the overall power supply to the fan and compressor,
figure (4) depicts a linear reduction in the power input to the compressor. The increase is the
result of the fan consuming more power to make up for the compressor's job being lessened.

For heat rejection, the increased flow rate can increase the rate at which heat is absorbed from
the heat source, which, due to the increased flow rate, will increase the contact area and period of
contact of the fluid with the heat source. As a result, additional heat moved from the source to
the fluid. However, for heat rejection, the flow impacts the rate at which heat flows from the
fluid to the heat sink. A greater flow rate often causes more efficient heat rejection as it increases
the contact area of the fluid and the heat transfer rate to the ambient air.

Conclusion:
The purpose of this experiment was to introduce students to the parts and operation of a heat
pump/air conditioning unit. provide a concrete, quantitative illustration of the unit's performance
and capability. When the various performance coefficients from the experiment came within the
acceptable range of (1<COP< 3) , the results were good. Enthalpy flow rates met expectations
and agreed with our informed assumption, and they were also satisfactory.
References: