THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN

OPTIMUM REPLACEMENT-PILE
LOCATION CHART DUE TO PILE
FAILURE OF A TWO PILE GROUP
SPUN PILE ARRANGEMENT
UNDER VARYING PILE GROUP
SKEW ANGLE BY

STUDENT NAME : SUZYLAWATI BINTI YAHYA

(SX111600AWS06)

SUPERVISOR NAME : Ir. AZHAR BIN AHMAD

 ABSTRACT
When unexpected occurrences at site such as physical damage
to piles and pile eccentricity after the pile is driven. The quick
and accurate solutions must be identified to avoid from
delaying at site. Therefore this study is conducted to identify
the optimum location for the pile replacement due to pile
failure at variable angle of rotation for pile group. The study
was carried out with load factor of N/n at 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75
as well as piling group efficiency reduction factor of 15% in
developing the optimum position of the replacement pile to
produce new pile cap sizes. The study was conducted on two
(2) groups of spun pile only.
 Introduction
• The pile foundation transfers the load from the superstructure of to hard layer
soil strata with high bearing capacity to make building stiff.
• This foundation is chosen when the shallow foundation is no longer suitable.
• The consideration factors are depend to soil properties & conditions, types of
structures & loads, and the amount of permissible deposition.
• The pile is designed in end bearing, skin friction, and in a 2 combination of end
bearing and skin friction.
• The results from site investigation reports will also determine the number of pile
and pile lengths required.
• The piles installation by driven for precast concrete pile or cast in-situ for bore
pile.
• However, there is always a tendency of the foundation to fails due to any possible
factors and may cause the delay of other construction works.
 Problem Statement
Pile Failure &
Accurate &
Damage During
Quick Solution
Driving
How many
replacement
piles needed?

Broken, Bucklin
g, Where the
Cracking location for pile
replacement

Load Failed
New Pile cap S
ize
 Objective

To determine the To determine the To determine the new

numbers of optimum location of pile cap dimension by
replacement-pile replacement pile/s taking account of
required due to a and subsequently to replacement pile
single pile failure (pile produce optimum location
group efficiency is location charts
assumed at 85%)
 Scope Of Study
• The code of practice EUROCODE 2: MS. EN 1992-1-1-2010
 Vertical load only will be taken into account in this study.
Design • The working load applied at the pile is 400kN only

• Limited to concrete spun pile.

 For 2 columns combine pile cap.
Analysis

• Single pile failure at one time only.

• Involves rotational angle of the integrity pile group is at 45⁰ and 60⁰ only
Analysis • 0⁰ used as benchmark
 Literature
PILE TYPE - SPUN PILE
• Pile type used in these studies is spun pile.
• 300 mm Diameter with thickness 60mm.
• Minimum load can support 400kN.
 Literature
Two important points in the basic design of foundation are the total
settlement of the structures shall be limited to a tolerably small
amount and the differential settlement of various parts of the structure
shall be eliminated as nearly as possible
(Mohammad & Ramli, 2015)

Application of available numerical methods to practical problems

involving real soils. A number of published case histories is considered,
and the predictions from selected methods of analysis are compared
with the field measurements
(Francesco Basile, 2003)
 Literature
The additional pile must be driven into a location that can bring back the centroid of the pile group to the
original centroid which is right below the column. The replacement pile cannot be located at any
coordinate within the pile cap without a proper analysis because the centroid of the pile cap has been
shifted from the center of the pile cap due to the presence of failed pile.
(Siti Zahri’iyah N.,2018)

The intensity of load have a relationship between with optimal replacement pile location.
(Azmazanzan Abdullah, 2018)

Adding new pile and replace the fail pile with a new one can reduce the effect of eccentricity on the pile
group and retain the centroid of the pile group to the original center.
(Ahmed Hussein Abdullah Muqaibil, 2018)

The movement of all piles in both directions in X & Y is dropped to 30 mm only when pile cap with five
piles under eccentricity. The location of the new pile to be driven is most be suitable to reduce the effect
of eccentricity on the pile group and retain the centroid of the pile group to the original center
(Maged Abdullah Abdulhak Al-Esaei, 2016)
 Methodology
Analysis of pile cap assist by Microsoft Excel software. This software
chosen to the program development because it has various functions
and uncomplicated to assist for analyzing, designing and determining
the details of pile cap.

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
 Stage 1
• Insert design data
 Pile Size
 Pile Cap Size
 Load
• The Microsoft Excel will generate the data and analyse each pile in the
group.
 Pile Cap Size
 Location
 Pile Numbers
 Stage 2
• Analysis is to justify that the pile cap system is theoretically pass or
failed due to pile eccentricity or pile failure.
• Select which of the pile in the group fails and insert the eccentricity of
each pile.
• 1 pile indicated as failed and another 1 indicated as eccentricity.
• Insert rotation angle of pile cap group.
 Stage 3
• Is an important part of this process which focuses on the reanalysis of
pile capacity by recalculating the load on pile cap.
• The location of the replacement pile will be re-evaluated and will be
revised.
• Insert the location of replacement piles and they will reanalyze the
pile capacity with eccentricity consideration.
• Produced Chart Of Optimum Net Coordinate Of Additional Or
Replacement of pile.
 Stage 4
• Failure checking of the pile after replacement arrangement to ensures
the new pile group is safe and sufficient
• The moment will be reanalyzed with the new ultimate load of each
pile.
• Compared the value of new moment with the previous design.
• If the new moment is lesser than the moment without pile failure, the
design of pile cap provided in the first stage can be used.
• If the moment is greater than the old moment, the pile cap will
reanalyze again.
 Methodology

Flowchart Study
Process
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION
 Pile Failure Analysis

The location of pile and column with zero eccentricity for pile group
 Pile Failure Analysis
• In these studies, one of the piles from the pile group is considered fail
during the pile installation and another one pile are in eccentricity.
• Insert the location of the failed pile and the eccentricity value for each
remaining pile.
• Another design data needs to insert is pile of size, type of pile, column
net services load, pile working load, pile cap dimension, and so on.
• On these studies’ rotation angle be inserted. The angle involve is at
45⁰ and 60⁰. Angle at 0⁰ used as benchmark.
• The pile working loads assumed is 400kN per pile.
• Load intensity for this study is 1.75, 1.50 and 1.25. So, the net service
load applied in this study is 700.50kN, 599.50kN and 500.5kN.
Pile Failure Analysis
 Pile Failure Analysis
• The moving of pile due to eccentricity must be indicated by negative and positive
direction.
• For example, if the pile moving in the x-direction, the negative or positive
inserted represent the pile to move at left or right and While for y-direction, the
user needs to insert negative or positive sign in the value to indicate whether the
pile eccentric below or above the original position.

+Ve -Ve
+Ve -Ve
Pile movement direction
 Pile Failure Analysis
• Based on the input data, the program will determine the position of the pile after
pile failure with and without eccentricity and also the centroid of the pile group
before pile failure and after pile failure with considerations of eccentricity.
• The program will do the analysis to determine the pile capacity of each pile after
pile failure.
• The results of this calculation are that when one of the pile has failed, the
remaining piles are theoretically failed due to the distribution of load on each pile
exceeds the working load capacity of the pile.
• Moreover, the presences of eccentricity produce moment at each pile and
causing the piles to have an uneven distribution of load.
• The figure below shows that when one of the piles failed, the remaining piles are
theoretically failed with the presence of moment in both x and y-direction and
the centroid of pile group also move from its original position.
 Pile Failure Analysis

Pile Capacity Checking After Pile Failure

 Replacement Pile
• For for equilibrium of pile cap failure to get zero eccentricity and to
solve the problem, the failed pile need to be replace with another pile.
• From the analysis based on load intensity at 1.75, reduction Factor for
pile group efficiency 15%, and no's of Replacement Piles require equal
to 1.06 which means the replacement pile will be two (2) piles.
• Reduced pile working load was applied is 340kN.
• The reanalysis will include the two (2) replacement piles.
• The program will then produce a procedure to replace the pile by
providing the number of piles and the net eccentricity.
• From the net eccentricity the program will then produce the net
location for both replacement piles.
Replacement Pile Procedure
 Replacement Pile
• As shown in the figure above the program then will generate the recommended
replacement pile coordinate based on the centroid and location of the failed pile.
• Propose their own location for each replacement pile based on the
recommended net location.
• However, the combination location to locate the replacement piles must equal to
the net location of the recommended pile to obtain zero moments at both axes.
• Based on this study, the optimum location means that the net location of
replacement pile cause the eccentric centroid of pile group reposition to the
original position (0,0).
• Proposes to locate the replacement pile as to ensure the location of the
replacement pile inside the boundary of the existing pile to minimize the addition
of the pile cap dimension.
• The program will reanalyse the system with new data inserted.
 Replacement Pile

Pile Capacity Checking After Pile Replacement

Replacement Pile
 Replacement Pile

Location of Pile after Pile Replacement at Angle 45 & 60 Degree

Nos Replacement Pile Required
New Pile Cap Dimension by Taking Account of
Replacement Pile Location.

From the result generated by

Chart 2 Pile Group: Overall Pile
Location, the dimension size of
new pile cap can be determined.
The chart shows the coordinate
actual location of driven pile
with eccentricity and coordinate
replacement pile.
From the coordinate, the new
dimension will be developed.

Location of Pile after Pile Replacement.

New Pile Cap Dimension by Taking Account of
Replacement Pile Location.

. B =(Setback Pile Edge x2 ) + Pile Ø

+ P1ecc X Coord + Replacement/P X Coord

B = (150 x 2) + 300 + 383 + 383

B = 1366

W =(Setback Pile Edgex2) + Pile Ø +

P1ecc Y Coord + Replacement/P Y
Coord

W = (150 x 2) + 300 + 100 + 100

W = 800

New Pile Cap Drawing

*(all unit in mm)
 Optimum Net Coordinates of Replacement Pile
Location Chart

• From this program, a chart of optimum net coordinates of

replacement piles will be developed.
• Different location of pile failure may produce different chart based on
the net eccentricity and the location of failure.
• The chart is produced by taking the eccentricity as the manipulated
variable while the net location of replacement piles is taken as
responding variable.
• From this study, the net location of replacement piles graph which is a
linear graph is produced where the eccentricity is inversely
proportional to the net location of replacement piles.
 Optimum Net Coordinates of Replacement Pile
Location Chart

Failure at P1
 Optimum Net Coordinates of Replacement Pile
Location Chart

Failure at P2
 Conclusion
The solution to overcoming the is not necessary if single pile failure is by replacing the failed pile with one
(1) number of piles but sometimes can be two (2) number because the net services load (N) can affected
to the numbers of replacement pile. And also the pile group efficiency does affected to the replacement
pile numbers.

The net services load (N) can affected does not affected to optimum location of replacement pile but
from the changing of rotation angle of pile group integrity can affected to the replacement pile
location.

The net location of the replacement pile chart can help to generate new pile cap size.