The Essence of Values

Presented by group 1
The Essence of Values
The word values come the from latin word “valere”
which means is to measure the worth of something.
Values are the elements of life prevailing in any society
Values lie at the core of man’s life.
Values gave color to man’s choice.
Values also, shape & determine an individual’s or group
decision to like or dislike, favor or disfavor, change or
not to change.
Max Ferdinand Scheler
 (German:22 August 1874 – 19 May
1928)
 Defined Axiology as the philosophical
values.
 Acts reveal the person’s value
preferences. Like a prism that reflects
the invisible spectrum of colors, a
person’s act manifest his invisible
order of values.
 The order of values is objective and
independent
Phenomenology of Moral Values
 A description of moral insights into a moral experience shows the following:
 There is awareness of the difference between right and wrong
 Moral experience cannot be reduced to other human experience
 There is a “must” quality, i.e., it is expected and demanded that everyone be moral
 We experience “ought” in doing good and avoiding evil
 Yet we are free to do good or evil

 From the phenomenon of dialogue

 When we speak of and judge others
 When we praise some and blame others
 When we contrast the faithful and the unfaithful husband
Characteristics of Moral Values
1. of other values and preferred for their own sake
2. Moral values are universal and necessary for
everyone friendship remains a value ta all even if the
friend is a rascal
3. Moral values are obligatory, they ought to be realized
and cannot be postponedA value becomes moral
because it is recognized as reasonable and freely
chosen by human person
4. Moral values are pre- eminent over other human
values
5. Moral values are absolute independent
THE METAPHYSICS OF MORAL VALUES
2. The good as perfective of a subject is object of desire
( thing-to-person relationship )
The good as perfect in itself is object of love ( person-to-
person relationship )
The good value to a person if it is freely chosen.
3. Dynamism of the Good.
> Dynamism of the subject valuing is shown by a
cigarette being of value to the smoker because he has already
a tendency to smoke. Dynamism of the object valued is
shown if the cigarette has a quality that can fulfill a need in the
smoker.
SUBJECT VALUING ( man )
OBJECT VALUED ( cigarette )
MAN 2-FOLD TENDENCY
1. Natural tendency to the good ( will as object )
• Possess things

• This is human

2. The moral choice of what is reasonable ( will as

reason/reasonable love )
• Know and love another person
• This is moral
THUS, WE SAY:
“THE WISDOM OF THE INTELLECT CREATES A SAGE;
THE WISDOM OF THE WILL MAKES A SAINT.”
KNOWLEDGE OF VALUES
1. Immediately felt or experience before it is known and explained.
• 2 ways of knowing value:
a.) By real or experience (e.g. one who is in love knows love)
-- connatural knowledge (“moral sense”)
b.) By notional or conceptual knowledge (e.g. one who has never in
love gives a definition of love)
-- this is objective national knowledge (“ethics”)
2. What is the source of our moral idea?, what we should become to be
fully human?
• answers: it is from experience of what we are, we form the ideal of what
we should become.
The World Of Values
A. Relation
of Natural values to
Moral values
1.Mediation of Reason
2.Subjective and Objective Relationship
3.Sanction and Merit
The World Of Values
B.Mixed or Intermediate values
1.Values which are morally
relevant
2.Moral education
3.Mixed values
The World Of Values
C.Hierarchy of Values
1.Religious Values
2.Moral Values
3.Infra-Moral Values
4.Infra-Human Values
Thank
you