VALUES EDUCATION

Who’s Reporting?

Ginah L. Cortez Donna Rose Intia Wilfredo Elcarte Jr

THE ESSENCE AND NATURE OF VALUES
• VALUES comes from the Latin word “valere” which means to measure the worth of something.

• Values are the elements of life prevailing in any society.

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MAX SCHELER (1874-1928)- is
the foremost exponent of
Axiology. Axiology is defined as
the philosophical science of
values.

“Acts reveal the person’s

value preferences. Like a
prism that reflects the
invisible spectrum of colors, a
person’s acts manifest his
invisible order of values”
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The following are true of values:

1. There are positive and negative values.

2. Values create an atmosphere, hence, we
say a sense of values;
3. Values are of diverse types;
4. Values are transcend facts;
5. Values cannot clamor for existence or
realization;
6. Man experiences a certain order of values.
 PHENOMENOLOGY OF MORAL VALUES

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1. A description of moral insights into a moral
experience shows the following;

• There is awareness of the difference between right

and wrong.
• Moral experience cannot be reduced to other
human experiences;
• There is a must quality
• We experience an “ought” in doing good and
avoiding evil.
• Yet we are free to do good or evil.
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From the phenomenon of dialogue,
when we speak of and judge others,
we distinguish between the hero and
the villain in myths, history, in
everyday experience; we praise
some and blame others. We contrast
the hero and the rascal; the faithful
and the unfaithful husband.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL VALUES

1. A value of becomes moral because it is

recognized as reasonable and freely chosen by
a human.
2. Moral values are absolute. Independent of
other values and preferred for their own sake.

3. Pre-eminent over the human values.

4. Universal and necessary for everyone.
5. Obligatory.
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THE METAPHYSICS OF MORAL VALUES

1. In our experience the good appears

as an analogous concept to the
various grades of beings.
2. The good as perspective of a subject
is object of desire (thing-to-person
relationship)
3. Dynamism of the Good
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MAN HAS TWO-FOLD TENDENCY

• A natural tendency to the good (will as object)

• The moral choice of what is reasonable (will as reason)
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KNOWLEDGE OF VALUES

A VALUE is immediately felt or experienced before it is

known and explained. Pre-philosophical knowledge
precedes philosophical, reflective knowledge.
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TWO WAYS OF KNOWING VALUE

By real or experimental knowledge

By notional or conceptual knowledge

 THE WORLD OF VALUES

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Relation of natural values to moral values.

1. Mediation of reason
-like honesty or justice. Is to act according to right person,
is to be faithful to one’s nature as a reasonable human
person.
2. Subjective and Objective Relationship
-On the part of the subject , the good can be known by
conatural knowledge or rational knowledge.
3. Sanction and Merit
- Nature itself rewards more virtue and punishes
immorality.
 MIXED or INTERMEDIATE VALUES

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These are values which are morally relevant natural values
which are potential for moral values.

2. Moral education is required to habitually subordinate

lower to higher values and thus to acquire a proper sense
of values.
3. Mixed values are ambiguous in the sense that;

a. They can be a help or a hindrance to moral valies

b. They are intermediate between infra-moral values and
religious values.
c. They can lead to a loss of proper sense of values
 HIERARCHY OF VALUES

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1. Religious
2. Moral
3. Infra-moral
• Economic values and values of well-being
• Social and anesthetic values
• Intellectual
• Personality
1. Infra-human
• Biological or vital
• Sensible
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VALUE is not simply the good
but it is an added aspect of the
good. Moral value makes a
man, through his human
actions, good simply as a
human person.
 MAX SCHELER’s NON-FORMAL ETHICS OF VALUE

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Throughout history there have existed many different
moralities in different people, races, nations, cultures and
religious. This had led to the assumption that moral values
and norms are relative.

Max ethics of values presupposes Kant’s refutation of an

ethics of goods and purpose (such as Aristotle’s) or an
ethics of happiness (such as utilitarianism) Kant criticized
all non-formal ethics which is placed the basis of morality
or man’s egoism as a natural drive.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL GIVENNESS IN

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INTENTIONAL FEELING

A value is immediately felt in experience before its object

is known. Values are given to the intentional feeling
immediately, as colors are to sight and sounds to listening.

Value feelings must be strictly distinguished from feelings

which are not intentional. Since values like, lovely,
charming , noble, courageous are felt.
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KNOWLEDGE OF VALUES

A VALUE is immediately felt or experienced before it is

known and explained. Pre-philosophical knowledge
precedes philosophical, reflective knowledge.
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