COMPOSITES

SHALINI MARIA
III YEAR PG
CONTENTS
 DEFINITION
 HISTORY
 COMPOSITION
 CLASSIFICATION
 THEORIES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 A generalized definition:
Composite is a multiphase material that
exhibits the properties of both phases
where the phases are complimentary,
resulting in a material with enhanced
properties

DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS -AARON D.

PUCKETT DCNA (2007)
According to Anusavice:

 Composite material may be defined as a

compound of 2 or more distinctly different
materials with properties that are superior or
intermediate to those of the individual
constituents.
 Examples of natural composite materials are
tooth enamel and dentin.
Collagen =
matrix
Filler = hydroxyapatite
crystals
PHILLIPS SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS 11th EDITION
 A BRIEF HISTORY

1962
1950
s
1940
s
1870
s
Direct Composite Restorative Materials
Aaron D. Puckett DCNA - 2007
 1990s
• Flowable→ Packable
Microfills → 2000
Nanofills &
Nanohybrids
1980s
• Macrofill → Hybrid
• Small Mid
• Macrofill → 1970s
particle → 1990s
Microhybrids Microfill
COMPOSITION

• ORGANIC • INTERFACIA • DISPERSE

PHASE L PHASE D PHASE

COUPLIN
MATRIX G AGENT FILLERS
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
COMPOSITES
Resin matrix Fillers Coupling
(Organic (Inorganic agent
phase ) phase) (interfacial
Bis- GMA phase)
(Principal
high Silica
(Quartz) Silane
molecular
weight
re
monomer)
Diluents:
MMA, UDMA γ-
Glass fibers Methacryloxy
TEGDMA,
Lithium propyl silane,
DEGDMA
Barium Vinyl
(Low
Strontium trimethoxysila
molecular
monomers ) ne
 MINOR COMPONENTS
Activators
Initiators Chemically Inhibitors
Chemically activated
activated (Tertiary
Benzoyl amine- Hydroquinon
peroxide Dihydroxy e
(sulfinic acid ) ethyl
re paratoludin
Light Light )
e DHEPT Hydroquinon
activated activated
Camphor Light Amine e
Quinone, accelerator Butylated
Phenyl ( Dimethyl
propanedione amino ethyl hydroxy
(PPD), methacrylate toluidine
Lucerin — DMAEM).
(BHT)
MATRIX
 Bis-GMA or Bowen’s resin
 Possessed the viscosity of honey,
 Therefore limited the amount of filler particles
that could be incorporated.
 Subsequent experiments incorporated
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) as
a diluent to reduce the viscosity.
 This monomer combination worked well, and
has become one of the most widely used
matrix monomer combinations for dental
composites to date.
DCNA 2007
 Both of these monomers contain two reactive
double bonds, and when polymerized, form
covalent bonds between the polymer chains
known as cross-links.
 Cross-linking improved the properties of the
matrix phase, and the composite produced had
improved mechanical and physical properties.
 Additional composite formulations have been
prepared using various diluent monomers such
as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene
glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and an
additional high molecular weight monomer
based on a urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) DCNA 2007
FILLERS
 The silicate particles provide mechanical
reinforcement of the mixture (reinforcing
fillers) and produce light transmission and
light scattering that adds enamel-like
translucency to the material.
 Pure silica occurs in :
 Crystalline forms

Crystobalite
Tridymite
Quartz
 Noncrystalline form (glass).
 Crystalline forms are stronger and harder, but
when used, result in composites that are
difficult to finish and polish.

 Therefore most composites are now produced

using silicate glass.

 The friction between the filler particle surfaces

and the monomer is a principal factor
controlling the fluidity
 COUPLING AGENT
 Difunctional surface
active compound that
adheres to filler
particle surfaces and
also co- reacts with the monomer
forming the resin matrix.
One end is capable of bonding
One end is capable of bonding to to
hydroxyl
hydroxylgroups,
groups,which
whichexist
existalong
alongthe
the
surface
surfaceof ofthe
thesilica
silicaparticles,
particles,and
andthe
the
other end is capable of copolymerizing
other end is capable of copolymerizing
with
withdouble
doublebonds
bondsof ofmonomers
monomersin inthe
the
 It inhibits leaching by preventing water from
penetrating along the filler-resin interface.
 Titanates and zirconates can be used
 Organosilanes → γ-Methacryloxy propyl
trimethoxysilane
 Coupling agents work best with silica
particles.
 Therefore all composites have been based on
silica-containing fillers.
ACCORDING TO ANUSAVICE……
 Bis - GMA
MATRIX
COMPOSITION
UDMA

FILLER
PARTICLE

HETEROGENO
HOMOGENOUS HYBRID
US
 BASED ON VISCOSITY

PACKABLE

FLOWABLE

POLYMERISATION
METHOD

CHEMICAL DUAL
LIGHT CURE
CURE CURE
Based on the manufacturing technique, the
average size and the chemical composition of
the filler particles, three categories can be
characterized:
(1) Traditional macrofillers,
(2) Microfillers (silica), and
(3) Microfiller-based complexes
 splintered prepolymerized
microfilled complexes,
 spherical polymer-based
microfilled complexed
agglomerated microfiller
A classification and evaluation of composite resin
complexes.
systems - Felix Lutz, PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY - 1983
TRADITIONAL MACROFILLED HYBRID COMPOSITE :
COMPOSITE MACROFILLERS AND MICROFILLERS

HOMOGENOUS MICROFILLED
COMPOSITE
 HETEROGENOUS MICROFILLED HETEROGENEOUS MICROFILLED WIT
WITH SPLINTERED PREPOLYMERISED
SPHERICAL PREPOLYMERIZED PARTICL
COMPOSITE

HETEROGENOUS MICROFILLED WITH AGGLOMERATED MICROFILLER

BASED ON FILLERS BASED ON COMPOSITE RES

A classification and evaluation of composite resin

systems - Felix Lutz, PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY - 1983
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES - WILLEMS -
1993
COMPOSITE
TYPE FILLER

DENSIFI
ED
-MIDWAY <60% BY
• ULTRAFINE
<60% BY
VOLUME
• FINE VOLUME

-COMPACT
> 60% BY
• ULTRAFINE > 60% BY
• FINE VOLUME
VOLUME

MICROFIN
AVG
E AVG
• HOMOGENOUS PARTICLE
PARTICLE
• HETEROGENOU SIZE = 0.04
SIZE = 0.04
S ὐm
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES - WILLEMS -
1993
 JADA - JUNE 2000
According to their particle size :
 Macrofilled → more than 10 µm up to 100
µm;
 Midsize filled → less than 10 and more than 1
µm;
 Minifilled → less than 1 and more than
0.1 µm;
 Microfilled → less than 0.1 µm.
 POLYMERS

 Polymers are long molecules composed

principally of nonmetallic elements (e.g., C, O, N,
H) that are chemically bonded by covalent bonds.
 Their principal distinction from other common
organic materials is their large size, and thus,
molecular weight.
 The process of forming a polymer from
identifiable subunits, monomers, is called
Polymerization.
 Monomer means "one unit";
 Polymer means "many units."
 THEORIES OF POLYMERISATION
Polymers may be classified in terms of the
kinetics of their polymerization reaction.
 Chain reaction polymerization involves
rapid monomer addition to growing chains.
 Stepwise reaction polymerization occurs
slowly by random addition of monomers to
any growing chain ends.
 CHAIN REACTION POLYMERISATION
Acrylic monomers are widely used in dentistry
and undergo chain reaction polymerization.
The stages include:
(1) Activation (production of free radicals),
(2) Initiation (free radical combination with a
monomer unit to create the beginning of a
growing chain),
(3) Propagation (continued addition of
monomer units)
(4) Termination (cancellation of the growing
AIPTof several possible
chain end by any one
events)
AIPT
STEP GROWTH
 Reaction can occur between any pair of
species
 Size distribution is not homogenous
 Monomer disappears earlier
 RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPOSITES
 Incorporation of anti-bacterial agents and
remineralizing agents into composites.
 To kill bacteria or inhibit biofilm formation
 Include fluoride , chlorhexidine , zinc oxide
nanoparticles , quaternary ammonium
polyethyleneimine nanoparticles , and MDPB
monomer.
 The effectiveness of the various fluoride-
releasing restorative materials have been
critically reviewed, and it was concluded that the
clinical results are not conclusive for dental
restorative materials, including composites.
 Remineralization may be promoted by the slow
 CONCLUSION
 The science and technology of composite
restorative materials have advanced
considerably over the years.
 Although composites have not evolved to the
point of totally replacing amalgam, they have
become a viable substitute for amalgam in
many clinical situations.
 Problems still exist with polymerization
contraction stress and some technique
sensitivity; however, new expanding resins
have the potential to reduce these problems.
 The one major caveat to this prediction is that
clinicians must continue to use sound
REFERENCES
 A classification and evaluation of composite resin
systems - Felix Lutz, Prosthetic dentistry – 1983
 A classification of dental composites according to their
morphological and mechanical characteristics - G.
Willems – 1992
 Resin composite : state of the art ; Dental materials –
2011 - Ferracane
 Science of dental materials – Anusavice 11th ed.
 Direct composite restorative materials – DCNA – 2007
 Craigs – Restorative Dental Materials - 13th ed
 J Dent Res - 2011 - Developments in Composite Dental
Restorative Materials - N.B. Cramer