Full-scale Failure Test of a R C Bridge in order

to Calibrate Assessment Methods for Load

and Resistance

Lennart Elfgren
Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

EC Integrated Research Project on Sustainable Bridges

www.sustainablebridges.net

XXth Symposium on Nordic Concrete Research & Development,

Aronsberg, Bålsta, Sweden, June 8-11, 2008.
 Contents

• EC Project on Sustainable Bridges

• RC Bridge in Örnsköldsvik
• Geometry & Material Properties
• Assessment of Load-Carrying Capacity
• Strengthening
• Testing
• Conclusions

2
Sustainable Bridges -Introduction
EC project within FP6

Started on December 1, 2003

Ended on November 30, 2007

Total budget (official)

10,2 million € of which
6,9 million € as EC contribution
32 partners from 12 countries

Jan Olofsson, Skanska

Coordinator

Lennart Elfgren, LTU

Scientific Leader

3
 Objectives

- To increase the transport capacity of existing bridges

- To increase the residual service life of existing bridges.

- To enhance management, strengthening, and repair systems.

4
 WP 1
Start-up and
Project Work
Classification

WP 1 Classification,
WP 2 finished year 1-2
Guidance and
Review
WP 2 Internal guidance
WP 3 WP 4 and review
Condition Loads, WP 5
Assessment Capacity and Monitoring
and Inspection Resistance WP 3-6 R&D, background
documents, guidelines
WP 6
Repair and WP 7-8 Bridge field tests
Strengthening
and monitoring

WP 7 WP 8 WP 9 Workshops,
Demonstration Demonstration
Field Testing Monitoring conference papers and
of Bridges on Bridges publications, project
conference
WP 9
Training and
Dissemination
5
Testing of a R C
Bridge in 2006

6
Bridge Location in Örnsköldsvik

Bridge

7
8
Plan

9
Section
2830 2830 6146
1423 1693 1693 1423

spm.

350
2900

1100
623 623
4900

Concrete piles
(end bearing)
4:1 4:1

+2.65
+1.95

700
10
Main Reinforcement in Beams

11
Proposed test arrangement
P

Possible bending-
shear failure

anchor

12
Overview – Boundary Conditions 2830 2830

spm.
>4500
mm

5800 11919 12174 6400

36293

2000 Concrete piles

1750
6000 2250 (end bearing)
6000 4:1 4:1
2250
1750

north sidewalk line 73°17''

loading beam

Mellansel Ornskoldsvik
R=300m

south sidewalk line

Built 1955
Axle Load 250 kN
N

R=40m

13
14
BAM Team performing
Ultrasonic Testing

15
 Drilling of Concrete Cores
Coring, 2006-06-26

16
Drilling for Anchor Cables

Mounting of
Reinforcement Sensors

17
18
19
 Material Properties
Stage Type of Concrete Steel
value
fc Ec ft GF fsy = Reh fsu =Rm Es

MPa GPa MPa Nm/m MPa MPa GPa

Initial Charac- 31 32 1.8 - 16: 16: 16:
properties teristic 410 500 200
from
original 25: 25: 25:
drawings 390 500 200
Design 17.2 25.4 1.0 - 16: 16: 16:
ULS 297.1 362 158.7
25: 25: 25:
282.6 362 158.7
Mean Mean 68.5 25.4 2.2 154 16: 16: 16:
properties (8) (1.7) (0.5) (82) 441 738 192.1
based on ten- uni- (12) (2.4) (23.3)
tests sion axial
(Standard 25: 25: 25:
deviations) 411 706 198.3
(8.2) (22.6) (31.5)

20
 Design Loads
and Capacities

Design Forces Ultimate Capacity

21
 Eurocode 2 / BBK04
VRd,s = Asw fywd (z cot )/s

where:
• Asw is the cross sectional area of the
reinforcement ( 804 mm2, 4 Ø16, two hoops)
• fywd is the design yield strength of the shear
reinforcement
• z is the inner level arm (900 mm = 0,9 d)
  is the angle between the concrete
compression strut and the beam axis (min 21.8o)
• s is the spacing of the stirrups (300 mm)

22
Linear 3D FEM Model with Brigade

Arto Puurula, LTU/ Savonia Univ.

23
Linear 3D FEM Analysis with Lusas

Deflections due to permanent loads (top) and to a point load according to Lusas.
Jan Olofsson et al, Skanska

24
Non-linear 2D FEM-model with Atena

Krok 142,
Skaláry: izoplochy, Basic material, in nodes, Principal Strain, Max., <-6.134E-05;5.865E-02>[None]

-6.134E-05
5.500E-03
1.100E-02
1.650E-02
2.200E-02
2.750E-02
3.300E-02
3.850E-02
4.400E-02
4.950E-02
5.500E-02
5.865E-02

Maximal Principal Strain showing Damage Localization

at Last Load Step. Jan Cervenka et al

25
Modified Compression Field Theory

26
Some Results

Method fyd  VRtot 2P

MPa [ ] MN
o
MN
EC2, design, min + 297 21,8 3,58 5,8
Lusas, 3D linear FEM
EC2, mean, min + 441 30 3,68 6,1
Lusas, 3D linear FEM
EC2, mean, real + 441 21,8 5,32 8,8
Lusas, 3D linear FEM
MCFT, Response, nonlinear 441 5,29 8,7
section analysis,
Atena, 2D nonlinear FEM 430 20-30 6,15 10,8

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 Three Load Tests

• Load on Slab
• Load on Beams
• Load to Failure after Strengthening of
beams (Increase of bending moment
capacity with 25 % to avoid a traditional
bending failure)

28
Loading arrangement for Slab Test, July 5th 2006

29
Laser measurement of deflections

30
 Slab deflections (laser)
Slab
46 Nop 1 V 48 Nop 2 V
0.25

0.20

0.15
Rörelse [mm]

0.10

0.05

0.00

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Time
31
Preparing for beam test
LTU team mounting sensors

32
Midnight at test site

33
Beam Test, July 6th, 2006

34
Sawing for
Strengthening.
(Near Surface Mounted
CFRP Rods)

35
Strengthenin
g

36
37
Test of Strengthened Bridge
July 10th , 2006

38
39
40
41
 D e p th [m m ]
0 2 .0 M N 9 M N
4 .0 M N 10 M N
6 .0 M N 11 M N
8 .0 M N 1 1 .7 M N
1 1 .2 M N

S tra in [ m /m ]

-4 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

130

Strain profile in the east beam under the load at line 4.

Compressive concrete strains in the top.
Tensile strains in the steel and carbon fibre reinforcement in the lower part.

42
43
44
Stirrup rupture
after yielding

45
46
 Predicted Load-Carrying Capacity

• Eurocode 2,  = 30o P = 6,1 MN

• Eurocode 2,  = 22o P = 8,8 MN
• MCFT, Response,  ≈ 30o P = 8,7 MN
• 2D Non-lin, Atena,  ≈ 30o P = 10,8 MN
• Test,  ≈ 30o P = 11,7 MN

47
Reserve Capacity
The failure load 1170 ton corresponds to
1170 ton / 25 ton ≈ 47 axles

The span of 12 m has only room for 4 axles

47 axles /4 = 11,7 carriages (on top of each other)

The strengthening gives approx. 25 % of the capacity,

so without strengthening we have a capacity of
approx. 34/4 = 8,5 carriages

48
49
 Conclusions – Bridge Test
• SB methods have been successfully tested for
– inspection and condition assessment,
– load carrying capacity predictions,
– strengthening and monitoring
of a 50 year old reinforced concrete trough bridge.
• A failure in combined shear, bending and torsion was
reached for P = 11,7 MN.
• The failure was initiated by rupture of a stirrup after
yielding in stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement.
• The failure load was close to predictions with SB
methods and 20 to 50 % higher than common methods.
• The test verifies that the anticipated failure mechanism
was correct. This is sometimes not the case.
50
 Acknowledgements
Contributions have been given by the European Commission and by partners of the S B Project:

• Banverket (Björn Paulsson, Valle Jansen, Anders Kers, Katarina Kieksi, Anders Kronborg, Björn Töyrä)
• BAM (Ernst Niederleithinger, Jens Wöstmann, Ralph Bäßler, Boris Milmann, Markus Stoppel, Matthias
Behrens)
• CityU (Bradley Pease, Fateh Abdel Kerrouche, W.J.O. Boyle)
• Cervenka Consulting (Jan Cervenka, Vladimir Cervenka)
• COWI (Tomas Frølund, Torben Pedersen, Mette Sloth)
• LTU (Anders Carolin, Georg Danielsson, Lennart Elfgren, Kevin Enochsson, Ola Enochsson, Håkan
Johansson, Håkan Nordin, Ulf Ohlsson, Gabriel Sas, Håkan Thun, Björn Täljsten)
• LCPC (Christian Cremona)
• SKANSKA (In Göteborg: Anna Björklund, Marcus Davidson, Per Kettil and Jan Olofsson;
In Örnsköldsvik: Hans-Erik Forslars, Jan-Arle Karlsson, Sten Lundgren)
• STO (Otto Norling)
• University of Uminho (Paulo Cruz, Rolando Estrada, Abraham Diaz de Leon Benar, Lukasz Topczewski,
Dawid Wisniewski)

The following companies and institutions outside the project have also contributed:
• Botniabanan AB (Sören Backlund, Jan Jonsson, Jörgen Mosesson))
• Denmark University of Technology (DTU), (James Leighton, Björn Täljsten)
• Jernhusen (Leif Aker)
• Nordisk Spännarmering (Karl-Erik Nilsson, Stig Johansson, Anders Jansson, Rune Olsson)
• Saviona University, Finland (Jean-Christophe Collin, Arto Puurula, Ahti Hallikainen)
• WSP (Thorbjörn Sundén)
• Ågrens Tryckeri (Arne Eklund)
• Örnsköldsviks kommun (Hans Andersson, Ann-Charlotte Edholm, Ove Sedin, Elvy Söderström)

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