G4:

1. Definition

• Polysemy is a word that has more than one meaning

or multiple meaning
• They are still related on one context

• There are countless examples of polysemics words in

English
Example
In each case, good carries a different meaning:

Sentences Meanings

We had a good time yesterday Pleasurable, enjoyable, or satisfying

Bring me a good orange Suitable for an intended purpose

That ticket is good for travel on any

Generally valid and acceptable.
flight
It’s a good five miles to the next gas
Emphatically full or complete.
station
2. Distinct with homonymy
Polysemy is Has different, Has related Polysemous Polysemous
the but related word origins words are words can be
coexistence of meanings listed under understood if
many possible one entry in you know the
HOMOMYNY

meanings for dictionaries meaning of

POLYSEMY

a word or one word

phrase
VS

Homonymy Has Has different Homonyms Meaning of

refers to the completely origins are listed homonyms
existence of different separately in cannot be
unrelated meanings dictionaries guessed since
words that the words
look or sound have
the same unrelated
meanings
Example: Bank. Notice, the word bank has one
spelling, whatsoever, two meanings. Here are some
examples:

• He caught a fish at the bank.

• He left the bank half an hour ago

The spelling is the same, but one sentence speaks

about the bank (river bank) whereas the other one
speaks about a bank (financial place).
3. Analysis
 Fund
  an amount of money that has been saved or has been made
available for a particular purpose

 money that is available to be spent

 an amount or a supply of something

Ex1: In June 1998, the Kuwait Finance House launched a leasing
fund in the United States, to invest in industrial equipment and
machinery.
(HIB/M.Kabir Hassan and Mervyn K. Lewis/USA/ 2007/p.9/paragraph 4)
 In the example of sentences above means of ‘fund’ is an
amount of money that is collected and kept for a particular
purpose also used or done by a group or bilateral
Ex2: After investment limits were relaxed in the late-1980s, pesion
fund performance improved significantly. In the past five year,
pension funds have beaten all the market benchmarks.
(Do Investment Regulations Compromise Pension Fund Performance?)
 It means a large supply of money
which provides retirement income
• it is about thing such as a supply of money for particular
purpose of financing or banking.

• Also those meanings are still according to the economy

context.
 Investmen
t
  the act of investing money in something

 the money that you invest, or the thing that you invest in

 a thing that is worth buying because it will be useful or helpful

Ex1: Not included in these figures are the 50 Islamic insurance
companies operating in 22 countries, Islamic investment houses,
mutual funds, leasing companies and commodity trading
companies.
(HIB/M. Kabir Hassan and Mervyn K. Lewis/USA/ 2007/p. 1/paragraph 1)
 In the example of sentence above
means of ‘investment’ is something
that is worth buying or doing,
because it will be useful or helpful
Ex2: The need to ensure that investment be undertaken on
the basis of permitted activities, and the requirement to
benefit society through the collection of zakat overseen by a
special religious supervisory board.
(HIB/M. Kabir Hassan and Mervyn K. Lewis/USA/2007/p. 3/paragraph 1)
 it means to make a business activity
successful or the money that is used which invested
Ex3: Islamic banks have long offered special investment
accounts under an individual restricted mudaraba basis for
high net worth indiv iduals investing, say, $500.000 or more,
as well as the unrestricted mudaraba for ordinary
depositors.
(HIB/M. Kabir Hassan and Mervyn K. Lewis/USA/ 2007/p. 14/paragraph 4)
 it means the act of giving
time or effort to particular
task in order to make it
successful
• it is the an idea such as business activity that used the
money to provide something which get a profit and make
it successful

• Also those meanings are still according to the economy

context.
 Finance
• The management of money.
• Management of money by governments, large organizations or
personal to run a business, an activity or project.
Ex1: By providing basic social goods such a power, water,
transport and communications services, infrastructure
projects fit comfortably with the social responsibility others
that is an essential feature of Islamic finance.
(HIB/M. Kabir Hassan and Mervyn K. Lewis/USA/2007/p.3/paragraph 2)
- The multiple meaning of word ‘finance’ here are different but if we
see deeply, it still related on one point of sense relation, it is about
the management of money.
- Also those meanings are still according to the economy context.
Ex 2: In the chapters reviewed, the volume has examined the
religious underpinnings of Islamic finance and the general
operations of Islamic banks.
(HIB/M.Kabir Hassan and Mervyn K. Lewis/USA/2007/p.6/paragraph 3)
 In the example of sentences
above means of ‘finance’ is the
management of money by
governments, large
organizations or personal to run
a business, an activity or project.
• it is the an idea such as a supply of money or the 
money that a person or company has
• Also those meanings are still according to the
economy context.
 Model
• A particular type of machine, especially a car, that is slightly
different from machines of the same type
• A person or thing that is considered an excellent example of
something
• Something such as a text or a system that can be used as an
example for other people to copy
• Ex 1: 2019 will see the introduction of a slew of new products
that BMW expects will really fire up the market and help
strengthen its position in the premium car space. The plan is to
bring twelve model launches to India next calendar year from
the BMW brand, and two additional new models also from MINI.
• Exclusive: BMW India To Launch 12 New Models In 2019 – CarandBike
• This example is excerpted from the article of
Carandbike website, this article talks about
BMW India To Launch 12 New Models In 2019
• The word “Model” in the above example has
meaning “the new types of car” of BMW
brand
Ex 2: The notion of dogs as a model for ultimate loyalty and as
human best friends goes back to ancient Greece, as the
prototype for this model in Western literature is the character of
Argos, Odysseus' faithful dog.
Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing - Google Sách
• The above instance is excerpted from
the Animal autobiographical writing
about dogs.
• The word “Model” in the above
example means “dogs that are
considered an excellent example of
loyalty”
EX 3: If other countries want to follow Finland's model, they
needn't photocopy its education model; however, they will need
the country's gusto for education's importance.
How Finland’s amazing education system works - Big Think
• The 3rd example is excerpted from an article of
a website names “Bigthink” talk about Finland’s
top-ranking education system
• Therefore the word “Model” in this sentence
means “ a great education system that can be
used as an example for other countries to copy”.
From three examples using the word
“Model” , we can see that it is a
polysemy word because of having two
or more meanings and these
meanings are closed related because
all of them contain the semantic
feature(+an extremely good example of
something)
 Defend
• To protect someone or something against attack or criticism; to
speak in favour of someone or something
• To compete in a sports competition that you won before and try
to win it again
• To act as a lawyer for someone who has been accused of
something in a court of law and try to prove that they are not
guilty
Ex 1:White blood cell, also called leukocyte or white
corpuscle, a cellular component of the blood that
lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is capable of
motility, and defends the body against infection
and disease by ingesting foreign materials and
cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and
cancer cells, or by producing antibodies.
• white blood cell | Definition & Function | Britannica
-This example is excerpted from
Biology theme in the oldest English
encyclopedia. The content
mentioned the white blood cell and
its function in protecting the body
against infection and disease.
-The word “ Defend” in the last
example means “White blood cell
protect body from attack such as
infection or disease”
Ex 2:Rafael Nadal successfully defended his title and
reaffirmed his status as the King of Clay winning his
11th French Open title in straight sets over Dominic
Thiem.
• French Open 2018: Results, schedule, how to watch live at Roland Garros | Sporting News
• The above instance is excerpted from an article by
the Sporting News. The main content focuses on the
French Open 2018 with the title belongs to Rafael
Nadal, the King of Clay winning his 11th French
Open title at that moment.
• The word “Defend” used in this example with the
meaning : try to protect the title of the competition
that you won before.
• Ex 3: Alex Salmond pledged to defend himself “vigorously”
after the full details of the 14 criminal charges he faces were
revealed by prosecutors.
• Alex Salmond
trial: Former first minister promises to defend himself ‘vigorously’ | Edinburgh News
• This instance is excerpted from an article of
Edinburgh News talks about Alex Salmond, the
Former first minister promises to defend himself
‘vigorously’ after the 14 criminal charges
• The word “ Defend” used in this example with
meaning “give evidence or to say or write
something to support for yourself before the
accusation of prosecutors”
• The word ”Defend” used in three previous instance
is a polysemy word with 3 related meanings owing
to containing semantic feature(protecting someone
or something)