Translating

 We need to take the level of education of readers into

consideration before we translate
 Literal translation converts grammatical structure(s) but
translates lexical words out of context.
 It is advised that translators disengage themselves from SL text
to check the (level of) naturalness of the translated version.
 Communicative translation/ Communicatively translated
version is often better than the original.
 Word is considered the smallest unit of translation.
 Adaptation is the freest form of translation.
 The final version of an excellent translation is the combination
of textual, referential, cohesive and naturalness.
 Communicative translation secures the truth but extends unit
of translation.
 Not very essentials words can be omitted/ dismissed.
 Communicative translation allows elimination of repetition.
 Textual level requires translators to see the written form of the
words but not its meaning outside the text.
 Idiomatic translation tends to distort nuances of meaning,
possibly for culture differences.
 Transliteration is used to translate proper names, using
transcribed sounds.
 Semantic translation is preferred when translating drama.
 In communicative translation the language is tailor made for
its targeted readers.
 To be and articles are mostly omitted when translating
(newspaper) headlines
 In word-for-word word order is preserved and their most
common meaning is kept, regardless of its context.
 Before translating, the intention of the text and translator is
essential.
 In semantic translation you have no right to correct and
improve logic, or to eliminate repetition.
 Active voice is preferred when translating English to
Vietnamese.
 Semantic, word for word, literal, faithful translation methods
emphasize on source language/ SL.
 Referential level requires translator to see both the written
form of the words and its meaning outside the text.

Interpreting
 Interpreting is rendering information and ideas from one
language into another language by means of speaking
 If uncertain of what was said, interpreter can ask for repetition
or clarification of a term or technical word.
 Interpreting for 2 parties that speak different languages means
bilateral/liaison interpreting
 When interpreting a speech, an interpreter should not bear
his/her head on the note, but keep eye-contact to the audience
during the interpreting.
 In simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter doesn’t wait for a
speaker to finish or pause the sentence to interpret.
 Memory/ memorization/ memorizing skill is extremely
important particularly in the context that an interpreter is
unable to take notes (i.e. the speaker speaks too fast.)
 Deciphering means to memorize the message, keep in mind the
idea and show that message, idea in words.
 Simultaneous interpreting includes, sight
translation/whispered interpreting and electronic hook-up.
 During the transference stage, the meaning is clarified by
cultural and contextual considerations.
 In consecutive interpreting an interpreter gives a rendering of
lengthy passages of speech after a party has finished speaking.
 Notes should be a backup to the memory, there are cases they
can’t be done.
 Interpreters have no right to share information of an
interpreting assignment with other interpreters.
 In sight interpreting, interpreters read the documents in source
language silently at the same time giving the interpreting aloud
in target language.
 Interpreters must not take sides. They need complete
impartiality
 An interpreter still needs to take notes at the interpreting
session even he/she has a very good memory.
 Electronic hook-up interpreters sit in a sound-proof booth and
interpret in real-time; listeners hear the simultaneous
translation via headphones.
 Interpreters avoid personal involvement after the interpreting
assignment and do not provide counsel, give advice or offer
personal opinions, even if asked to do so.
 A key skill involved in consecutive interpreting is note-taking,
since few people can memories a full paragraph in one hearing.
 Symbols/ systems of arrows like  or  may help you take
notes effectively.
 The Code of ethics for interpreter provides guidance on
personal behavior and linguistic performance.