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Lecture Transformers
Lecture Transformers
Introduction
• A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at
one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage
level through the action of a magnetic field.
• There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
• It involves interchange of electric energy between two or
more electric systems
• Transformers provide much needed capability of changing
the voltage and current levels easily.
– They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate
voltage level for power transfer.
– Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for
distribution and power utilization.
Transformer Classification
The relationships between the input voltage and the output voltage,
and between the input current and the output current, are given by
the following equations.
v p t is t
In instantaneous quantities a
vs t i p t
Ideal Transformers
v p t is t N p
a
vs t i p t N s
Vp I
In rms quantities s a
Vs I p
v p t is t N p ………………….. (5)
Equating (3) and (4) a
vs t i p t N s
Power in an Ideal Transformer
Pin V p I p cos p
p s
Real power coming out of the secondary circuit
Vp
Pout V s I s cos s
aI p cos V p I p cos Pin
a
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
Ip Is
Impedance of the load:
ZL = Vs/Is
Vp Vs ZL
The impedance of the primary circuit:
Z’L = Vp/Ip
= (aVs)/(Is /a)
= a2 (Vs / Is )
= a2 ZL
Ip Is
Z’L
Vp Vs
Example 1
Leakage flux: flux that goes through one of the transformer windings
but not the other one
Mutual flux: flux that remains in the core and links both windings
Theory of Operation of Single-Phase Real Transformers
P M LP
S M LS
E1
Magnetization current IM
(current required to produce flux IM
in the core) Io
• open-circuit test
• short-circuit test
Circuit Parameters: Open-Circuit Test
The power factor is always lagging for a transformer, so the current will
lag the voltage by the angle . Therefore, the admittance YE is:
1 1 I
YE j oc cos 1 PF
RC X M Voc
Circuit Parameters: Short-Circuit Test
V
R p a 2 Rs j X p a 2 X s sc cos 1 PF
I sc
Power Output
Power Input
Power Input Losses
Power Input
Losses
1
Power Input
Pcopper loss Pcore loss
1
Pcopper loss Pcore loss V s I s cos