Combustion in CI engine

Air motion in CI engine

Induction induced swirl Air radial flow
Stages of combustion
in CI engine
1. Ignition delay
period
2. Rapid or premixed
uncontrolled
combustion phase
3. Mixing- controlled
combustion phase
4. Late combustion
phase or
afterburning
Heat release rate
 Influence of various factors on delay period

• Ignition quality of fuel

a) If self ignition temperature of
fuel is high then the delay
period will be short.
• Injection timing
a) A large injection advance
increases the delay period.
b) Both advancing and retarding
the injection increases the delay
period.
c) The most favorable condition
lies in between these two
condition.
• Compression ratio
a) A higher compression
ratio increases the
temperature and pressure
of the air at the beginning
of injection causing a
reduction in the delay
period.
• Injection pressure, rate of injection and drop size
• Intake, jacket water temperature and fuel temperature
• Intake pressure
• Engine speed
• Air fuel ratio
• Load
• Engine size
• Combustion chamber wall effect
• Swirl rate
Effect of various factors on delay period
Combustion knock in CI engine
Comparison of knock in SI and CI engine
Factors tending to reduce knock in SI and CI
engine
Combustion chamber for CI engine
• Classification of CI engine combustion chamber
1. Direct injection of open combustion chamber engines
2. Indirect injection or Divided chamber engine
Direct injection or open combustion chamber
engines
• Semi quiescent or low swirl open chamber
• Medium swirl open chamber
• High swirl open chamber
Semi quiescent or low
swirl open chamber

a) Mixing of the fuel and air and the

rate of combustion mainly
depends upon the injection
system.
b) The nozzle is usually located at
the center of the chamber. It has a
number of orifices, usually six or
more, which provide a multiple
spray pattern. Each jet or spray
pattern covers most of the
combustion chamber without
impinging on the walls or piston.
c) The contour of the inlet passage
may does not provide a swirl or
turbulence, so the chamber is
called quiescent chamber.
d) The chamber shape is usually a
shallow bowl in the crown of the
piston
Medium swirl open
chamber
a) This chamber is used when
the engine size decreases and
the engine speed increases,
the quantity of fuel injected
per cycle is reduced and the
number of holes in the nozzle
is less (usually 4).
b) As a result, the injected fuel
needs help in finding
sufficient air in a short time.
Faster fuel- air mixing rates
can be achieved by increasing
the amount of air swirl.
c) The air swirl can be increased
as the piston reaches TDC by
forcing the air towards the
cylinder axis.
High swirl open chamber

a) Spiral intake ports produce a high

speed rotary air motion in the
cylinder during induction stroke.
Here a single coarse spray is
injected from a pintle nozzle in
the direction of air swirl and
tangential to the spherical wall of
the combustion chamber in the
piston.
b) The fuel strikes the wall of the
spherical combustion chamber
where it spreads to form a thin
film which will evaporate under
controlled conditions.
c) The air swirl in the spherical
shaped chamber is quite high
which sweeps over the fuel film,
peeling it from the wall layer by
layer for progressive and
complete combustion.
Indirect injection or Divided chamber engine

• Swirl or turbulent chamber

• Precombustion chamber
• Air and energy cells
Swirl or turbulent
chamber

a) The spherical shaped swirl

chamber contains about 50 % of
the clearance volume and is
connected to the main chamber by
a tangential throat offering mild
restriction. Because of the
tangential passage way, the air
flowing into the chamber on the
compression stroke sets a high
swirl.
b) During compression stroke the
upward moving piston forces a
flow of air from the main chamber
above the piston into the small
antechamber, called the swirl
chamber, through the nozzle or
orifice. Thus towards the end of
compression, a vigorous flow is
set up in the antechamber.
Precombustion chamber

a) The chambers are divided into

two parts, one between the piston
and cylinder head (i.e. the main
chamber) and the other, smaller
one, in the cylinder head (i.e.
precombustion
chamber).Comparatively small
passageways, made more
restricted than those in a swirl
chamber, connects the two
chambers,
b) Fuel is injected in the
precombustion chamber, and
under full load conditions
sufficient air for complete
combustion is not present in this
chamber.
c) The precombustion chamber is
used to create a high secondary
turbulence for mixing and burning
the major part of the fuel and air..
Air cell Energy cell