Chapter 4

Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Objectives
• Identify and locate topographic terms
on the body.

• Describe anatomy and functions of

the major body systems.

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Planes of the Body

• Anterior
• Posterior
• Midaxillary
• Midline
• Midclavicular line

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Directional Terms
• Right and left
• Superior and inferior
• Lateral and medial
• Proximal and distal
• Superficial and deep
• Ventral and dorsal
• Palmar and plantar
• Apices and bilateral
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomic Positions
• Prone
• Supine
• Trendelenburg’s
position
• Fowler’s position

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Skeletal System

• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of
muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Bone Man
Additional Explanation
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Skull
Orbit

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Neck (1 of 2)

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The Neck (2 of 2)

Trachea

Esophagus
Cervical Vertebrae

Larynx
Trachea

Additional Explanation Esophagus

Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Spinal Column

12

5
4

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The Spinal Column

C7 is
Prominent
7

12
Ribs

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4

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Thorax & Chest Cavity (1 of 2)

Cavity is protected by:

T12

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Thorax & Chest Cavity (2 of 2)

Chest Cavity
contains:

• Heart
• Great Vessels
• Esophagus
• Lungs

Separated from
abdomen by
diaphragm

Additional Explanation
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Abdomen (1 of 2)
Chest
• The Cavity
abdomen is
the second
major body
cavity.

• It contains RUQ LUQ

the major
RLQ LLQ
organs of
digestion and
excretion.
Pancreas
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Abdomen (2 of 2)

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Pelvis

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The Lower Extremity

ALL
• Hip
• Thigh Neck of Femur

• Knee
• Leg Largest Joint
in Body
• Ankle
• Foot

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Upper Extremity (1 of 2)

• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
A/C Joint

Additional Explanation

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Upper Extremity (2 of 2)

Additional Explanation
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Joints

Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Functions of the
Musculoskeletal System
• Gives the body shape
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Consists of more than 600 muscles

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Types of Muscle (1 of 2)
• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
– Attached to the bones of the body

• Smooth (involuntary) muscle

– Carry out the automatic muscular
functions of the body

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Types of Muscle (2 of 2)
• Cardiac muscle
– Involuntary muscle
– Has own blood supply and electrical
system
– Can tolerate interruptions of blood
supply for only very short periods

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Respiratory System

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Diaphragm
• Has characteristics of both voluntary and
involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from abdomen
• Contracts during inhalation
• Relaxes during exhalation

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Breathing Process: Inhalation

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract, increasing the size of the
thoracic cavity.

• Pressure in the lungs decreases.

• Air travels to the lungs.

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Breathing Process: Exhalation

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relax.
• As the muscles relax, all
dimensions of the thorax decrease.
• Pressure in the lungs increases.
• Air flows out of the lungs.

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Exchange of Oxygen and

Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen-rich air is
delivered to alveoli
with inspiration.
• Oxygen diffuses into
the blood.
• The body does not
use all the inhaled
oxygen.

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Control of Breathing
• Brain stem controls breathing.
– Increases breathing rate if the carbon
dioxide level in blood becomes too
high
• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
– Activates when oxygen levels fall to
stimulate breathing

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Normal Breathing
Characteristics
• Normal rate and depth
• Regular rhythm
• Good breath sounds in both lungs
• Regular rise and fall movements
in the chest
• Easy, not labored

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Normal Breathing Rates p 109

Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min

Children 18 to 34 breaths/min

Infants 30 to 60 breaths/min

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Recognizing Inadequate ALL

Breathing
• Irregular rhythm • Pale or blue skin
• Labored breathing • Cool, clammy skin
• Muscle retractions • Faster respiratory
rate

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Infant and Child Anatomy

• Structures less rigid
• Airway smaller
• Tongue proportionally
larger
• Dependent on
diaphragm for
breathing

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The Circulatory System

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Heart p.111

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Blood Flow Through the Heart

ALL

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Electrical Conduction System

• SA node
• AV node
• Purkinje
fibers

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Normal Heart Rates p 112

Adults 60 to 100 beats/min

Children 70 to 140 beats/min

Toddlers 90 to 150 beats/min

Newborns 120 to 160 beats/min

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Major Arteries and Veins ALL

• Aorta • Brachial
• Pulmonary • Radial
• Carotid • Superior vena cava
• Femoral • Inferior vena cava

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Components of Blood ALL

• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology of the Circulatory ALL

System (1 of 2)
• Pulse
– The wave of blood through the
arteries formed when the left
ventricle contracts
– Can be felt where an artery passes
over a bone near the skin surface

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Physiology of the Circulatory ALL

System (2 of 2)
• Blood pressure
– Amount of force exerted against walls of
arteries
 Systole: Left ventricle contracts
 Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
• Perfusion
– Circulation of blood within an organ or
tissue
– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Nervous System ALL

• The nervous system controls the body’s

voluntary and involuntary actions.
• Somatic nervous system
– Regulates voluntary actions
• Autonomic nervous system
– Controls involuntary body functions

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Central Nervous System (1 of 2) ALL

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Peripheral Nervous System

• Links the organs of the body to the central
nervous system.
• Sensory nerves carry information from the
body to the central nervous system.
• Motor nerves carry information from the
central nervous system to the muscles of
the body.

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Skin (1 of 2) ALL

• Protects the body from the

environment
• Regulates body temperature
• Transmits information from
environment to the brain
• Largest single organ in the
body
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

The Skin (2 of 2)

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Endocrine System
• Complex message and control
system

• Made up of 7 glands

• Glands produce and release

hormones.

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Endocrine Glands
• Adrenal • Pituitary

• Ovary • Testes

• Pancreas • Thyroid

• Parathyroid

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Digestive System
• Mouth • Liver
• Salivary glands • Bile ducts
• Oropharynx • Small intestine
• Esophagus • Large intestine
• Stomach • Appendix
• Pancreas • Rectum

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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Urinary System

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Male Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System

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