INTRODUCTION TO

THE HUMAN BODY

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION
• The Anatomy and Physiology module
introduces the structure and function of the
human body. You will read about the cells,
tissues and membranes that make up our
bodies and how our major systems function to
help us develop and stay healthy
INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
• Human beings are arguably the most complex
organisms on this planet.
• Imagine billions of microscopic parts, each with
its own identity, working together in an
organized manner for the benefit of the total
being.
• The human body is a single structure but it is
made up of billions of smaller structures of four
major kinds
 Cells

HUMAN
BODY
Tissues Organs
STRUCTURE

Systems
 •Cells have long been recognized as the
simplest units of living matter that can
1)Cells maintain life and reproduce themselves.
•The human body, which is made up of
numerous cells, begins as a single,
newly fertilized cell

2)Tissue •Tissues are somewhat more complex units

than cells.
s
 • Organs are more complex units
than tissues.
• An organ is an organization of
3)Organ several different kinds of tissues so
s arranged that together they can
perform a special function.
• For example, the stomach is an
organization of muscle, connective,
epithelial, and nervous tissues.
 •Systems are the most complex of the
component units of the human body.
•A system is an organization of varying
4)System
s numbers and kinds of organs so
arranged that together they can
perform complex functions for the
body.
• Ten major systems compose the human body:

1) SKELETAL 8) DIGESTIVE
5) CARDIOVASCULAR

2) MUSCULAR 9) URINARY
6) LYMPHATIC

3) NERVOUS 7) RESPIRATORY 10) REPRODUCTIVE

4) ENDOCRINE
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
• Three groups of terms are introduced here:
DIRECTIONAL
TERMS

PLANES OF THE
BODY

BODY
CAVITIES
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
PLANES OF
THE BODY
 Planes of the Body
1. Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) -,divides the
body or any of its parts into anterior and
posterior portions.
2. Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) -,divides the
body or any of its parts into right and left
sides.
3. Transverse Plane - divides the body or any of
its parts into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) parts
BODY CAVITIES
 BODY CAVITIES
Humans (1) the dorsal body cavity -that encloses the
have four brain and spinal cord (Spine/Backbone)
body
cavities (2) the thoracic cavity -that encloses the heart
and lungs
• Stomach (3) the abdominal cavity -that encloses most of
• Pancreas
• Liver
the digestive organs and kidneys
• Small & large
intestine (usus) (4) the pelvic cavity -that encloses the bladder
• Gallbladder (pundi) and reproductive organs.
(pundi hempedu)
 BODY CAVITIES
 1) Dorsal cavity
• The smaller of the two main
cavities is called the dorsal
cavity.
• organs lying more posterior in
the body.
• The upper portion, or the cranial
cavity, houses the brain, and the
lower portion, or vertebral canal
houses the spinal cord
 BODY CAVITIES
2)Thoracic cavity
• The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs,
trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves.

3)Abdominal cavity
• The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract
(Saluran pencernaan –small & large intestine) as well as the kidneys
and adrenal glands.
4) Pelvic cavity
• The pelvic cavity contains most of the urogenital system
(Reproductive & urinary sys) as well as the rectum (penghujung usus).
• The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally
by the sacrum, and laterally (kiri-kanan) by the pelvis