Nervous System

Learning
Objectives
 To understand the functions of
Nervous system;
 To list the structural & functional
units of Nervous system
 To describe the divisions of Nervous
system;
 To distinguish sympathetic from
parasympathetic Nervous system

 To relate the physiological functions

of nervous system to selected clinical
disorders.

https://w
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 Functions of the Nervous System

Through its receptors, it keeps us in

1. Sensory Input: touch with both the external and
internal environment
Action potential
(touch: stimulus) Interpretation
Nerves in the
Sensory Receptor Brain
Spinal Cord

It is the major
2. Integration: controlling, regulatory,
and communicating
system of the body
tps://courtneyoutloud.wordpress.com/tag/first-aid/
 Functions of the Nervous System

3. Homeostasis:
Together with the endocrine system, it
is responsible in regulating and
maintaining homeostasis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
2OZ5ZL_NUA0

4. Mental Activity:

It is the center for all mental
activity including thought,
learning and memory

https://www.megapixl.com/creative-brain-idea-and-light-bulb-
concept-education-concept-illustration-41466905
Functions of the Nervous System

5. Control of Muscle and Glands:

It participates in controlling skeletal, cardiac,
and smooth muscles, and many glands.

https://socratic.org/questions/what-neurotransmitter-sti
mulates-skeletal-muscle-contraction http://www.postures.co.za/2017/05/22/sustained- https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/endocrine-sys
muscle-contraction-energy/ tem-hypothalamus-and-pituitary
http://www.anatomiahumana.ucv.cl/estructura/glia.jpg
• Structural classification of neurons is Functional Classificat
based upon the number of processes that ion of Neurons
• This is according to
extend out from the cell body. the direction in which th
the CNS. e signal travels, in relat
ion to
• Three major groups arise from this
classification:unipolar ,bipolar, anaxonic • The three different
pseudopolar, and multipolar neurons. types of neurons: senso
neurons, and interne ry neurons, motor
• Multipolar neurons are defined as having urons.
three or more processes that extend out • Sensory neurons,
from the cell body. They comprise of more or afferent neurons trans
receptors in the skin, or mit information from se
the internal organs towa nsory
than 99% of the neurons in humans, and processing. Almost all se rd the CNS for
are the major neuron type found in the nsory neurons are unip
olar.
CNS and the efferent division of the PNS. • Motor, or efferent
neurons transmit informa
https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa- toward some type of eff tion away from the CNS
ector. Motor neurons ar
343b3e3a640/1/module6/readings/neuron_structure.html e typically multipolar.
• Interneurons are lo
cated between motor an
highly involved in signa d sensory pathways and
l integration. The vast ma are
are confined within the jority of interneurons
CNS.
https://content.byui.ed
u/file/a236934c-3c60
d343b3e3a640/1/modu -4fe9-90aa-
le6/readings/neuron_
structure.html
 Neurons and its Parts

http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/6a3f0732c22683476ea201ffc5e428ad.jpg
 Structural Classification of Neurons

http://physiologyplus.com/classification-of-neurons-by-structure-and-function/
Divisions of Nervous System

http://sciencejl.blogspot.com/p/central-nervous-system-peripheral.html
 Another division of the nervous system that describes
functional responses.

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12-1-basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system/#fig-ch12_01_05
 Lateralization of Brain Function

http://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-a-neurobiology-and/a2-the-human-
brain/cerebral-hemispheres.html
DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN

http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/preview%2018.htm
 Parts of the Brain and its Lobes

https://anatomical.us/parts-of-the-brain-and-their-functions-chart/parts-of-the-brain-and-their-functions-chart-pictures-
brain-parts-and-functions-quizlet-human-anatomy-diagram/
 Covering of the Brain & Spinal Cord

https://nursingcrib.com/anatomy-and-physiology/layers-of-meninges/
 Spinal Cord

The spinal cord lies within the spinal cavity,

extending from the foramen magnum to the
second lumbar vertebra
https://www.thoughtco.com/the-spinal-cord-373189
 MENINGES of the Spinal Cord

Dura Mater
Arachnoid

Pia mater

http://act.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/L02/040102.htm
 Functions of the Spinal Cord

- Serves as the reflex

centre for all spinal
reflexes

- Provides the 2-way

conduction routes to
(afferent) and from
(efferent) the brain

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/reflex+arc
http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Spinal-Cord-Cross-Section.html
The sensory-somatic system consists of
12 pairs of cranial nerves and
31 pairs of spinal nerves.
 CRANIAL NERVES

http://masterofmedicine.com/cranial-nervesfunctions-and-their-exit-routes-from-skull/
 Spinal Nerves

https://www.pinterest.com/explore/spinal-nerve/
Autonomic Nervous System

 Consists of the sensory neurons and motor

neurons
 It is responsible for monitoring conditions in
the internal environment and bringing about
appropriate changes in them
The contraction of both smooth muscle
and cardiac muscle
 Sensory (afferent) vs. Motor (efferent)

CNS

(pseudo-) unipolar neurons conducting

impulses e.g., skin
from sensory organs to the CNS

CNS
multipolar neurons conducting impulses
from the CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands) e.g.,
muscle
SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

“Fight-or-flight” system
It prepares the body for
physical activity to either
stand and face the threat or
leave as quickly as possible
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

 Stimulates vegetative activities, such

as digestion, defecation, and
urination.
 Slows the heart rate and respiration
 Causes the pupil of the eye to
constrict and the lens to thicken
https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/46030/Characteristics+of+the+Nervous+System+Divisions/
End