Hypothesis

Testing
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Consider Koko on trial for a criminal

offense in the health care protocol.
Under the system, NBI must decide if
Koko is innocent or guilty while in
fact the person may be innocent or
guilty.
Situation#1 : Koko is innocent and
the NBI says he is innocent
Situation#2 : Koko is guilty and the
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Situation#1 : Koko is innocent and

the NBI says he is innocent
Situation#2 : Koko is guilty and the
NBI says he is guilty

Take note that these are not the only

possible scenarios. The NBI, due to
lack of investigations, may give a
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Situation#1 : Koko is innocent and

the NBI says he is innocent
Situation#2 : Koko is guilty and the
NBI says he is guilty
Situation#3 : Koko is innocent but
NBI says he is guilty
Situation#4 : Koko is guilty but NBI
says he is innocent
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Situation#1 : Koko is innocent and

the NBI says he is innocent NO
ERROR
Situation#2 : Koko is guilty and the
NBI says he is guilty NO
ERROR
Situation#3 : Koko is innocent but
NBI says he is guilty
ERROR
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Situation#3 : Koko is innocent but

NBI says he is guilty
Situation#4 : Koko is guilty but NBI
says he is innocent

Both situations 3 and 4 are NBI’s

flaws
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

TYPE I Error
Situation#3 : Koko is innocent but
NBI says he is guilty

TYPE II Error
Situation#4 : Koko is guilty but NBI
says he is innocent
TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Type I Error refers to the situation

when we reject the null hypothesis
when it is true. (null hypothesis is
wrongly rejected)

Type II Error refer to the situation

when we acceopt the null hypothesis
when it is false.
Example

The null hypothesis is that the

average Covid-19 fatalities per day is
350 (350 deaths everyday)
µ = 350
The alternative hypothesis is that the
average fatalities is greater than 350
µ > 350
Example

If it is true that the average number

of deaths per day is 350 but (as
researchers) we conclude that it is
more than 350……….

We made a type I error

Null hypothesis is true, but we reject
the null.
Example

If the average number of deaths per

day is more than 350 but (as
researchers) we conclude that it is
equal to 350……….

We made a type II error

Null hypothesis is false, but we
accept the null.
 TYPE I and TYPE II Errors

Null Null
Hypothesis Hypothesis
is TRUE is False
Researchers Correct Type II error
Accept the decision
null (no error)
hypothesis
Researchers Type I error Correct
Reject the decision
null (no error)
Significance Level

The percentage/probability that Type

I Error may occur is called the
significance level

Significance level is denoted by “α”.

Activity:
A. For each of the following,
a. Determine whether the hypothesis is null or
alternative hypothesis.
b. Give the mathematical form(symbol) of each
statement
1. There is significant difference between the performance of mal and female
students in Mathematics.
2. The study hours of the students increased significantly.
3. There is no significant decrease in the crime rates in remote areas.
4. There is significant difference in the salaries of teachers according to their
ranks.
5. The monthly rentals of apartment in Manila and Makati are equal.
6. The average score of the five players in the basketball teams are not the
same.
7. The cost of living in urban area are significantly higher than the cost of living
in the rural area.
8. The reaction of the worker about the collective bargaining agreement (in
favor or not in favor) is related on their status (contractual or permanent).
9. The introduction of new packaging significantly increased the revenue of the
company.