Alicia Loraine L.

Rosario ABM 11 Y2-7

1. Define null and alternative hypotheses, and give an example of each

• The null hypothesis predicts that no effect will be observed in our
experiment. In a mathematical formulation of the null hypothesis, an equal
sign is usually present. 𝐻0 denotes this hypothesis.
• The alternative, or experimental hypothesis, assumes that an effect will be
observed in our experiment. Typically, there will be an inequality, or not
equal to symbol, in a mathematical formulation of the alternative
hypothesis. This hypothesis is represented by the letters 𝐻𝑎 or 𝐻1 .
• Null hypothesis example: In a taste test, salt content isn't correlated to the
choice of salad dressing.
• Alternative hypothesis example: Bacterial growth is proportional to air
temperature.
2. What is meant by a type I error? A type II error? How are they related?
• A type I error occurs when an experiment's null hypothesis (𝐻0 ) is true but
is rejected. It is stating something that does not exist or is a false hit. A
type I error is also known as a false positive (an event that shows that a
given condition is present when it is absent).
• A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false but is not refused. It
is a loss and a miss to state what is present. A type II error is also referred
to as a false negative (when a true hit is rejected by the test and observed
as a miss).
• The outcome of the null hypothesis is applied to Type I and Type II errors.
In the case of a type I or type-1 error, the null hypothesis is rejected even
if it is true, whereas a type II or type-2 error does not reject the null
hypothesis even if the alternative hypothesis is true. Types I and ii errors
are also referred to as "false negatives." Although much of statistical
theory revolves around reducing one or both of these errors, total
elimination of both is explained as a statistical impossibility.
3. What is meant by a statistical test?
• A test statistic is a numerical value derived from a statistical test of a
hypothesis. It indicates how closely your observed data matches the
expected distribution under the null hypothesis of that statistical test.
• The test statistic is used to compute the p-value of your results, which aids
in determining whether to reject your null hypothesis.
4. What symbols are used to represent the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis?
• Null hypothesis: 𝐻0
• Alternative hypothesis: 𝐻1
 5. What symbols are used to represent the probabilities of type I and type II
errors?
• α is the probability of committing type I error.
• ꞵ is the probability of committing type II error.
For each conjecture, state the null and alternative hypotheses.
Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis
a. The average age of first- 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 27 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 27
year medical school (less than is the alternative
students is at least 27 to at least)
years.
b. The average experience 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 4.71 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 4.71
(in seasons) for an NBA
player is 4.71.
c. The average number of 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 36 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 36
monthly visits/sessions on
the Internet by a
person at home has
increased from 36 in 2009.
d. The average cost of a 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = $79.95 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ $79.95
DVD player is $79.95.
e. The average weight loss 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 8.2 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 8.2
for a sample of people who
exercise 30 minutes
per day for 6 weeks is 8.2
pounds.