STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY:

Quarter 4-Week 1:
Illustrating Hypothesis
Testing
 Recap:
What is the difference
between
POPULATION and
SAMPLE?
POPULATION is the set of all
people, objects, or ideas you
want to investigate while
SAMPLE is the subset of
population
What is the difference
between
PARAMETER and
STATISTIC?
 PARAMETER is the useful
component of statistical analysis
and it refers to the characteristics
that are used to define a given
population while STATISTIC
refers to the characteristics that
describes the sample.
Today we will...
Define hypothesis and the two types of hypothesis.

Define the concept of the types of errors and level of significance.

 What is your
understanding of the
word HYPOTHESIS?
HYPOTHESIS
It is an assumption or conjecture
about a population which may be or
may not be true.

• HYPOTHESIS TESTING is a
decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population
based on a characteristics of a
sample purportedly coming from the
population.
 2 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Null Hypothesis
• denoted by Ho
• is a statement that there is no difference
between the two parameters.
• it can written as Ho: μ1=μ2
• It is the initial claim.
Alternative Hypothesis
• denoted by H1 or Ha
• is a statement that there is a difference
between the two parameters.
• it contradicts the initial claim or null
hypothesis
 key words
Null hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
≠
= • not equal
• equal to • different from
• the same as • changed from
• not the same as
• not changed from
• is > <
• greater than • less than
• above • below
• higher than • lower than
• bigger than • smaller than
• increased • shorter than
• at least • decreased
• reduced from
• at most
Examples
The average number of
calories of a low - calorie
meal is at most 300.

key word: at most

Ha: μ<3OO

Ho: μ=300
Examples
A DTI representative wants to test at 99% confidence
level whether the average content of soda X is less than
330 ml.
Key word: less than
Ho: μ=330 Ha: μ<330
Ho: The average content of Soda X
is equal to 330 ml
Ha: The average content of Soda
X is less than 330 ml.
Note that
Directional
When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the < or the >
symbol
Non-Directional
When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the ≠ symbol.
Also known as two-tailed.

Right-tailed
when the symbol used in alternative symbol is >

Left-tailed
when the symbol used in alternative symbol is <
 For Example
The inventor of a new kind of light bulb
claims that all such bulbs last as long as
3000 hours.
Answer:
Ho: μ=3000
Ha: μ≠3000

Since the symbol used in the alternative

hypothesis is ≠, therefore the test is said to
be non-directional
For Example
The average number of calories of a low-calorie meal is at
most 300.

Answer:
Ho: μ=300
Ha: μ<300

Since the symbol used in the alternative hypothesis is <, therefore

the test is said to be directional and is left-tailed.
 Try this!
State the null and alternative hypothesis of the following statements and tell whether if is
directional, non-directional, right-tailed, left-tailed or two-tailed.

1. Company XYZ manufactures calculators with an

average mass of 450 g.
2. A rice farmer believes that using organic
fertilizer will yield greater income. His average
income from the past was Php 200,000 per year.
3. The teachers in the school believes that at least
80% students will compete high school. A student
disagrees with this value and decides to conduct a
test.
Types of Error
Type I Error
• If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the
decision is incorrect.

Type II Error
• If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, the
decision is incorrect.
Examples of Type I Error
Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in
fact, she is 35 years old.

The test results say that you have coronavirus,

but you actually don't.
Examples of Type II Error
A man plans to go hunting the Philippine
monkey-eating eagle believing that it is a proof
of his mettle.
The test results say that you don't have
coronavirus, but you actually have.
 Test Yourself
1. Punishing a person who is truly innocent and putting them
wrongly in jail.
2. Criminals gets away with crimes and perhaps thinks he always can.
3. Bryan thinks that he is a six-footer. His actual height is 156 cm.
4. Angela says “I don’t have any allergy in seafood”. In the next
moment, she finds herself itching all over her body.
5. Hannah said to her friend “People’s intelligent are measured
through their proficiency in English”.
Level of Significance In symbol, it is written as:
It is denoted by alpha or ∝ ∝=0.01
∝=0.05 or
It is the measure of the strength of the evidence that
must be present in a sample before rejecting the null
∝=0.10
hypothesis and conclude that the effect is statistically if the alternative hypothesis
significant. used ≠, then alpha will be
divided by 2.
In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01% or 1%.
In social science, alpha is usually 0.05% or 5% and =0.005
0.10% or 10% in other studies. =0.025 or
this implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of =0.05
rejecting a true null hypothesis.
 Example:
Maria uses 5% level of significance in proving that there is no significant change in
the average number of enrollees in the 10 sections for the last 2 years. It means that
the chance that the null hypothesis (Ho) would be rejected when it is true is 5%

∝=0.05 is the area under the normal curve within the rejection region.
 Example:
Determine the value of ∝ or ∝⁄2 based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal
form.
• In 2015, it was recorded that the around 34% of the population in 2015 were not
married. a researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. he found out
that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance
level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%

Answer: =0.025
 Try it yourself:
Determine the value of ∝ or ∝⁄2 based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal
form.
1. A Sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planned to
transfer to public school in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of
these students will transfer to public school. Test the average number of private
school students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at 5% level of
significance.

2. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery.

The said additive will extend on average the battery's lifespan to 48 months. Test the
hypothesis at 0.01 level of significance that the average is higher than 48 months.
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY:

Quarter 4-Week 2:
Formulating Hypothesis
Recall:
2 types of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
• denoted by Ho
• is a statement that there is no difference between the two
parameters.
• it can written as Ho: μ1=μ2
• It is the initial claim.
Alternative Hypothesis
• denoted by H1 or Ha
• is a statement that there is a difference between the two
parameters.
• it contradicts the initial claim or null hypothesis
Activity 1: Fact or Bluff
Identify whether the given statement is fact or bluff. Write the word "FACT"
if the statement is correct and "BLUFF" if it is not.

• Null hypothesis is an statement that directly contradicts the initial

statements.
• Hypothesis testing refers to the set of all people, objects, events, or
ideas that want to investigate.
• Alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between a
parameter and a specific value.
• Population parameter describes something about the entire group.
• The symbol used to describe a null hypothesis is Ho.
 STEPS IN FORMULATING NULL AND
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

• Identify the parameter of interest.

• Determine the claim to be tested (null or alternative).
• Translate the claim into mathematical symbols or notations.
• Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
 Examples:
• A survey conducted the college students in their study stated that cell
phone owners received an average of 65 texts everyday. What
parameter should these students consider proving this claim? State the
null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

• PARAMETER OF INTEREST: Average number of text messages received

everyday.
• NULL HYPOTHESIS: Average texts every day is 65.
Ho: μ=65
• ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: Average texts every day is not equal to 65.
Ha: μ≠65
 Examples:
2. A nutritionist wants to estimate the mean amount of sodium consumed
by children under the age of 10. From a random sample of 75 children
under the age of 10, the nutritionist obtains a sample mean of 2993
milligrams of sodium consumed.
• PARAMETER OF INTEREST: Average amount of sodium consumed by
the children under the age of 10.
• NULL HYPOTHESIS: Sample mean of 2993 milligrams of sodium
consumed
Ho: μ=2993
• ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: Sample mean is not equal to 2993

Ha: μ≠2993
 Enrichment Activity 1: Complete Me!

Read and analyze the given problem, then give what is asked to complete the table
below.
A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the performance of pupils. A
class of 50 grade 1 pupils was used in the experiment. The mean score was 83 and the standard
deviation is 5. A previous study revealed that μ=82 and the standard deviation σ=10
Thank you!