AIOT

Amity Institute of Occupational Therapy

Programme: BOT
Semester number: II
Course: Fundamentals of Biostatistics
Faculty Name: Dr. B. ROY

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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• In hypothesis tests, two errors are

possible, Type I and Type II errors.
• Type I error (False Positive): Supporting
the alternate hypothesis when the null
hypothesis is true.
Type II error (False Negative): Not
supporting the alternate hypothesis when
the alternate hypothesis is true.
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 what is alpha in research AIOT

methodology

• α (Alpha) is the probability of Type I error

in any hypothesis test–incorrectly rejecting
the null hypothesis. 

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 what is beta in research AIOT

methodology

• β (Beta) is the probability of Type II error

in any hypothesis test–incorrectly failing to
reject the null hypothesis.

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Type I Error vs Type II Error

Basis for
Type I error Type II error
comparison
Type 1 error, in
statistical Type II error is
hypothesis the error that
testing, is the occurs when the
Definition
error caused by null hypothesis is
rejecting a null accepted when it
hypothesis when is not true. 
it is true.  6
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Basis for Type II

Type I error
comparison error
Type I error is Type II error is
Also termed equivalent to equivalent to a
false positive. false negative.
It is the false
It is a false
acceptance of
Meaning rejection of a
an incorrect
true hypothesis.
hypothesis.
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Basis for Type II

Type I error
comparison error
Type I error is Type II error is
Symbol
denoted by α. denoted by β.
The probability
The probability
of type II error is
of type I error is
equal to one
Probability equal to the
minus the
level of
power of the
significance.
test. 8
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Basis for Type II

Type I error
comparison error
It can be It can be
reduced by reduced by
Reduced decreasing the increasing the
level of level of
significance. significance.
It is caused by a
It is caused by smaller sample
Cause
luck or chance. size or a less 9

powerful test.
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Basis for
Type I error Type II error
comparison
Type II error is
Type I error is
associated with
associated with
Hypothesis rejecting the
rejecting the null
alternative
hypothesis.
hypothesis.
Type I error is
Type II error is
What is it? similar to a false
similar to a miss.
hit. 10
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Basis for Type II

Type I error
comparison error
It happens It happens
when the when the
When does it
acceptance acceptance
happen?
levels are set levels are set
too lenient. too stringent.

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 Type 1 error examples AIOT

• For this, let us take a hypothesis where a player is

trying to find the relationship between him wearing
new shoes and the number of wins for his team.
• Here, if the number of wins for his team is more
when he was wearing his new shoes is more than
the number of wins for his team otherwise, he
might accept the alternative hypothesis and
determine that there is a relationship.

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• However, the winning of his team might be

influenced by just chance rather than his
shoes which results in type 1 error.
• In this case, he should’ve accepted the
null hypothesis because the winning of a
team might happen due to chance or luck.

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 Type II error examples AIOT

• For this, let us take a hypothesis where a

shepherd thinks there is no wolf in the village and
he wakes up all night for five nights to determine
the existence of the wolf.
• If he sees no wolf for five nights, he might assume
that there is no wolf in the village where the wolf
might exist and attack on the sixth night.
• In this case, when the shepherd accepts that no
wolf exists, a type II error results where he agrees
with the null hypothesis even when it is not true.
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How do I Calculate an Alpha Level for one-

and two-tailed tests?
• Alpha levels can be controlled by you and are
related to confidence levels.
• α = 1- confidence level 
• For example, 95 percent confident level,
• your analysis is correct, the alpha level would
• α = 1 – .95 = .05 (one tailed test).
• For two-tailed tests, α = .05 /2 = .025

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Significance Level vs Confidence level vs

Confidence Interval
• Significance level: In a hypothesis test, the
significance level, alpha, is the probability of
making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
• Confidence level: The probability that if a
poll/test/survey were repeated over and over
again, the results obtained would be the same. A
confidence level =  1 - alpha. 

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• Confidence interval: A range of results

from a poll, experiment, or survey that
would be expected to contain the
population parameter of interest. For
example, an average response.
Confidence intervals are constructed using
significance levels / confidence levels.

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Confidence level vs Confidence Interval

• When a confidence interval (CI) and confidence level
(CL) are put together, the result is a statistically
sound spread of data.
• For example, a result might be reported as "50% ±
6%, with a 95% confidence.
• The confidence interval: 50% ± 6% = 44% to 56%
• The confidence level: 95%
• The margin of sampling error is ±6 percentage
points at the 95% confidence level."

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• What this margin of error tells us is that

the reported 66% could be 6% either way.
So our confidence interval is actually
66%, plus or minus 6%, giving a possible
range of 60% to 72%.

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THANKS

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