JOINTS

Introduction of Joints
• Joint (or articulation)-
• the junction between two or more bones.
• With the exception of the hyoid bone, every bone in the
body is connected to or forms a joint.
• 230 joints in the body
• classified structurally and functionally.
• Structural classification is determined by how the bones
connect to each other
• functional classification is determined by the degree of
movement between the articulating bones
Joint Functions
• 1. Hold the skeletal bones together
• 2. Allow the skeleton some flexibility so gross
• movement can occur
• 3. Make bone growth possible
 Structural Classification of Joints

1. Fibrous(Fixed) 2.Cartilaginous(Slightly movable) 3.Synovial Freely(movable)

A. Sutures A. Primary. Cart. joints 1. Plane

1. Plane (Synchondrosis) 2. Hinge
2. Squamous B. Secondary. cart. Joints 3. Pivot
3. Serrate (Symphysis) 4. Bicondylar
4. Dentate 5. Ellipsoid
5. Schindylesis 6. Saddle
B. Gomphosis 7. Ball and socket
C. Syndesmosis
1. Fibrous/Immovable
• Fibrous/Immovable bones are connected by dense connective tissue,
consisting mainly of collagen fiber.
• There is no cavity, or space, present between the bones
• The fibrous joints are further divided into three types
A. Sutures
B. Gomphosis
C. Syndesmosis
A. Sutures
• Sutures or synostoses are found
only in the skull and possess short
fibers of dense connective tissue
that hold the skull bones tightly in
place.
• In fetal skulls the sutures are wide
to allow slight movement during
birth.
• They later become rigid due to
ossification (synostoses )
TYPES OF SUTURES

Eg. Sagittal suture

1. Plane Sutures
• Examples:
• i) Suture between horizontal plates of
two palatine bones (Interpalatine
suture).
• ii) Palato-maxillary suture.
• iii) Zygomatico-palatine suture.
• Here the interlocking surfaces are
slightly rough and irregular.
• Pure plane surfaces are seldom found.
• They can resist extreme torsional
forces
 2. Squamous sutures
• Example:
• Temporo-parietal suture present
between temporal and parietal
bones.
• Here the two articulating bones
OVERLAP each other and are
beveled reciprocally, i.e., one
bone internally and the other
externally.
3-Serrate Sutures
• Example:
• Sagittal suture
between two
parietal bones.
• Here the shape
of articulating
surfaces is saw
like.
4. Denticulate suture
• Example:
• Lambdoid suture present
between parietal and occipital
bones.
• The shape of articulating
surfaces is tooth-like.
• Here the two bones are more
firmly united as compared with
the serrate sutures
5. Wedge and groove
suture(Schindylesis)
• Example:
• Vomero-sphenoid suture — the
suture between vomer bone and
rostrum of sphenoid bone.
• Here a ridged-bone fits into the
groove present on a neighboring
bone
B. Gomphoses
• It is a specialized fibrous joint in
which the teeth fit into their
sockets situated in the maxilla and
mandible (i.e., upper and lower
jaws).
• The ligament which connects the
tooth with the socket or alveolus
is called PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
• It provides an independent and
firm suspension for each tooth
C. Syndesmoses
• It is a type of fibrous joint in which
the two bones are united with each
other by INTEROSSEOUS
LIGAMENTS.
• In this joint a slight degree of
movements could be observed
which is due to twisting or
stretching of an interosseous
ligament
• Eg-interosseous radioulnar joint,
• Inferior tibio-fibular joint
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
• Cartilaginous joints are those joints in which the bone forming joints
are united by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage
• Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a
fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint
• The cartilaginous joints also lack the joint Cavity
• There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
A. Primary cartilaginous joints
B. Secondary cartilaginous joints
A. Primary cartilaginous
joints(SYNCHONDROSES)
• Primary cartilaginous joints -
Known as "synchondroses".
• Bones forming joints are
connected by a plate of hyaline
cartilage.
• These joints are immovable and
mostly temporary in nature.
• This cartilage may ossify with
age.
Primary cartilaginous joints
• Examples are the joint between
the first rib and the manubrium
of the sternum
• Joint between epiphysis and
diaphysis of growing long bone.
 B. Secondary cartilaginous joints
• Secondary cartilaginous joints - Known as "symphysis".
• In these joints the articular surfaces of bone forming the joints are
covered by thin plates of hyaline cartilage, which are connected by a
disc of fibrocartilage.
B. Secondary cartilaginous
joints(SYMPHYSES)
• Example:-symphysis pubis
• Intervertebral disc
• Manubriosternal joint
• Symphysis menti
Synovial
• Synovial joints have a space
between the articulating bones
for synovial fluid.
• This classification contains joints
that are the most mobile of the
three, and includes the knee and
shoulder.
 Structural Classification of Joints

1. Fibrous(Fixed) 2.Cartilaginous(Slightly movable) 3.Synovial Freely(movable)

A. Sutures A. Primary. Cart. joints 1. Plane

1. Plane (Synchondrosis) 2. Hinge
2. Squamous B. Secondary. cart. Joints 3. Pivot
3. Serrate (Symphysis) 4. Bicondylar
4. Dentate 5. Ellipsoid
5. Schindylesis 6. Saddle
B. Gomphosis 7. Ball and socket
C. Syndesmosis