Density of

holes
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

dp - Number of holes in the

energy interval ‘E and E+
dE’ in the valence band
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

dp - Number of holes in the energy interval ‘E and

E + dE’ in the valence band

dp  Z ( E )dE {1  F ( E )}
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

dp - Number of holes in the energy interval ‘E and

E + dE’ in the valence band

dp  Z ( E )dE {1  F ( E )}

Where Z(E) dE is the density of states in the energy

interval
E and E + dE and
1-F(E) is the probability of existence of a hole.
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

dp - Number of holes in the energy interval ‘E and

E + dE’ in the valence band
dp  Z ( E )dE {1  F ( E )}
Ev
p  z ( E ){1  F ( E )}dE................(1)
bottomof the band

Where Z(E) dE is the density of states in the energy

interval
E and E + dE and
1-F(E) is the probability of existence of a hole.
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

4 
3 1
Z ( E ) dE  3 ( 2mh ) E dE
2 2
h
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

4  2
3 1
Z ( E ) dE  3 ( 2mh ) E 2 dE
h
Since Ev is the energy of the top of the valence
band

4 3
 2
1
Z ( E )dE  3 (2m ) ( Ev  E ) dE
h
2
h
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Probability of an hole occupying an energy state E is

given by

1
1  F (E)  1 { }
E  Ef
1  exp( )
kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

1
1 F (E)  1{ }
E  Ef
1  exp( )
kT
E  E f 1
1  F ( E )  1  {1  exp( )}
kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

1
1  F (E)  1  { }
E  Ef
1  exp( )
kT
E  E f 1
1  F ( E )  1  {1  exp( )}
kT
neglect higher order terms in above exp ansion
for higher T values
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

1
1  F (E)  1  { }
E  Ef
1  exp( )
kT
E  E f 1
1  F ( E )  1  {1  exp( )}
kT
neglect higher order terms in above exp ansion
for higher T values
E  Ef
1  F ( E )  exp( )
kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Substitute Z(E) and 1 - F(E) values in Equation (1)

Ev
p  z ( E ){
bottomof the band
1  F ( E )}dE
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Substitute Z(E) and 1 - F(E) values in Equation (1)

Ev
p  z ( E ){
bottomof the band
1  F ( E )}dE

Ev
4 3 1
E  EF

 2
p 3
(2m ) ( Ev  E ) exp(
h
2
)dE

h kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Substitute Z(E) and 1 - F(E) values in Equation (1)

Ev
p  z ( E ){1  F ( E )}dE
bottomof the band
Ev
4
3 1
E  EF

 2
p 3
(2m ) ( Ev  E ) exp(
h
2
)dE

h kT
Ev
4 3
 EF 1
E
p  3 (2m ) exp(  2
h )  ( Ev  E ) exp( )dE....(2)
2
h kT  kT
Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Ev  E  x
Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Ev  E  x
E  Ev  x
Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Ev  E  x
E  Ev  x
dE  dx
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Ev  E  x
E  Ev  x
dE   dx
Ev
4 3
 EF 1
E
 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )  ( Ev  E ) exp( )dE
2
h kT  kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

Ev  E  x
E  Ev  x
dE   dx
Ev
4 3
 EF 1
E
 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )  ( Ev  E ) exp( ) dE
2
h kT  kT

4
3 0 1
 EF Ev  x
 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )  ( x) exp(
2
)( dx)
h kT  kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel
Ev  E  x
E  Ev  x
dE   dx
Ev
4
3 1
 EF E
 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )  ( Ev  E ) exp( ) dE
2
h kT  kT

4
3 0 1
 EF Ev  x
 2
p  3 (2mh ) exp( )  ( x) exp(
2
)( dx )
h kT  kT

4
3 1
Ev  E F x
 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )  ( x) exp( 2
)dx
h kT 0
kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel

1
4 
3 3
 2 Ev  E F 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )( kT )
2
h kT 2
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel
1
4 
3 3
 2Ev  E F 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )( kT ) 2
h kT 2

2m kT
 3
Ev  E F
p  2( h
2
) exp(2
)
h kT
 Calculation of Density of
holes Engineer to Excel
1
4 
3 3
 2Ev  E F 2
p  3 (2m ) exp(
h )( kT ) 2
h kT 2

2m kT
 3
Ev  E F
p  2( h
2
) exp(2
)
h kT

The above equation represents

Number of holes per unit volume of the Material