SYNCHROPHASORS IN SOUTHERN REGION

OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE
WAMS / PMUs Pilot Projects

NR - 13 Nos
WR - 10 Nos
ER - 12 Nos
SR - 10 Nos
NER – 08 Nos
PMU IN SR (AFTER PILOT PROJECTS IN SR & NR PHASE-II)

RSTPS

GAZUWAKA
HYDERABAD

HYDERABAD VIJAYWADA

NARENDRA
GOOTY

KOLAR
CHENNAI Commissioned (kalkitech)
SOMANHALLI
Commissioned (SEL)
SRIPERUMBDUR

SALEM Under implementatio

TRICHUR Communication Link

TIRUNVELI

3
 Utilization of Synchrophasor data

• Post fault disturbance analysis

• Validation of Protection system
• Validation of D.R/ E.L
• Oscillation monitoring
• Calculation of FRC
• Validation of measurement cycle of df/dt relay
 SCADA Vs PMU is like X-Ray Vs MRI
Dip in Voltage Observed at Vindhyachal during the incident of 2000
MW Loss of Generation at Rihand STPS on 1st June 2010.

410

405 kV

400

k 390
V

380

370
370 kV

35kV Dip at Rihand

360
23:45:00 23:46:00 23:47:00 23:48:00 23:49:00 23:50:00 23:51:00 23:52:00 23:53:00 23:54:00 23:55:00
Time
Post Fault Analysis
Inference from Voltage and
current Plots
 Type of Fault

Just a plane phase phase fault

 Single Phase fault

Multi phase fault

 2 phase fault

Voltage Plot

Current Plot
 3 phase fault

Voltage plot

Voltage (P-E) = 400/1.732 = 230kV

Current plot
Duration of fault and detection of
possible protections operated
 Faults cleared by Distance
protection Zone-2

Phase-Earth Fault
in B-Phase cleared
500ms

Fault in B-Y Phase

cleared 500ms
Fault cleared in 240 ms

Near to LBB delay time of

200ms and less than distance
Zone-2 time of 500ms
 Faults cleared by back up
protections

Fault cleared in
920ms

Fault cleared in
1020ms
 • High resistance fault :
Detection of High resistance Faults
voltage dip is less and less
fault current
• Duration of dip in voltage
As for a long time.
Location of fault
 Inference from Voltage drop and df/dt at 400kV buses
Kolar Gooty

Ramagundam Rate of change of frequency

 Detection of fault in other regions

Fault at Farrakka STPS

(Eastern Region)

Fault at Bina Substation (Western Region) Fault in North Eastern Region

Detection of Auto-reclose in line
 Transient fault
in Y-Phase

Auto-reclose
after dead time
of 1 sec
 Sequence of Events from SCADA

Line tripping time

02-01-2012 03:59:44.085 InvRTU BASSI CB F_12 H PURA-1 MAIN BUS-1 STTS INVALID Bad

02-01-2012 03:59:44.124 InvRTU BASSI CB F_8 BHIWA-2 &HEERAPURA-1 STTS OPEN GOOD

02-01-2012 03:59:45.222 InvRTU BASSI CB F_12 H PURA-1 MAIN BUS-1 STTS CLOSED GOOD

Line reclosing time

Case of un-successful A/R
 Comparing with Station
Disturbance Recorder/Event Logger
 • Y-Ph CT failure causing bus-fault
• Fault spread to second bus causing
complete outage

Dadri end

400kV Dadri-Mandola line-1 (Mandola) end) 400kV Dadri-Panipat line-1 (Panipat end)

13:55:01.789 13:55:03.770
SCADA Sequence of Events
 Fault cleared by ICT back up
protection

D.R PRINT OF 400kV Bareilley(P.G.)- Bareilley(U.P) Ckt-I recorded at Bareilley(P.G) end

00:56:57.699
00:56:37.349
Validation of D.R/ E.L
Detection of Non-
synchronization of D.R with
G.P.S
 Station Event
Logger print

15:17:07.620 hrs

Station
Disturbance
recorder print
(Digital Signals)

15:15:57.221 hrs
Load throw off / Generation loss
due to cascade tripping & Spl.
cases
 Cascade tripping in 220kV
Punjab system 20th July 2011
due opening of overloaded
220kV line

During a fault there will be

severe dip in voltage in the
faulty phase

Frequency rise indicates

load throw off
 Transient fault leading to
cascade tripping & Generation
loss

• Tripping of one of the 220kV

evacuating line on transient
fault.
• Other evacuating 220kV lines
• Frequency plot shows generation tripped due to overloading
• Units at tripped due to
loss. Frequency is decreasing after
tripping of evacuating lines
the 2nd dip in voltage.
Observations from Frequency plots
 Generation loss

Load loss
Inference from angle difference
plots
 P= V1 .V2 Sin
X

• Angular separation is a function of relative

strength of two bus.
• Power flows from more positive angle to less
positive angle
• A stronger bus will have more positive angle
• Cause for increase in angle :
– Tripping of transmission lines or taking them out of service.
– Significant increase of generation
– Change of power flow from one area to another

• Inference from increasing angle :

– Weakening of network =Sin-1 P.X
– Indication of grid stress V1.V2
– Change in power flow transaction pattern.

• Consequence
– If a critical point is exceeded, the network may not be able to
withstand the next contingency and result in cascading or islanding.
– A large standing angle can prevent reclosing of circuit breakers should
a line trip.
– Possible damage to nearby generation if a circuit breaker is reclosed
with a large angle across it.
Complete outage of
400/220kV Allahabad
Substation handling around
1900MW power

= Sin-1 P.X
V1.V2
Tripping of HVDC Rihand-Dadri
Bipole carrying 1400 MW, SPS
operation

= Sin-1 P.X
V1.V2
 Failure of L.A at Dadri (Dadri-
G.Noida line)
 Tripping of ICT’s at G.Noida
substation (load before tripping
: 430MW)
 Tripping of 2No. 400kV lines

= Sin-1 P.X
V1.V2
2000MW Generation loss
at Rihand STPS

= Sin-1 P.X
V1.V2
Commutation Failure at Kolar
HVDC
19th Feb 2013
7:59:32 hrs
 Brief about commutation Failure in HVDC

• Commutation failures following ac system disturbances may occur

in HVDC systems, especially in the inverter station.

• The sensitivity of an HVDC inverter to commutation failures for

depends on the specific main circuit design and on the control
system. It is reported that commutation failures may happen during
an ac system disturbance, where the voltage reduction is only as
small as 10% .

• Repeated commutation failures generally cause overcurrent in the

valves and also delay the restart time of the HVDC system after the
fault clears. In a severe situation it might also cause the protection
system to block the valves.
Oscillation Monitoring
 Oscillations
• Transient Stability : ability of the synchronous
machine to remain in synchronism after a large
disturbance.

• Small Signal Stability : ability of the synchronous

machine to maintain synchronism after a small
disturbance.
• Inter Area mode : Swinging of many machines in one part of the system against machines in other
parts.
– Weak interconnected power systems connected through long tie lines.
– Frequency range is 0.1 to 0.8 Hz.

• Local Mode or Plant mode: Swinging of units at a generating station with respect to the rest of the
power system
– Small part of the power system
– Frequency : 0.8 to 2 Hz

• Exciter mode or control mode

– Oscillation confined within the exciter loop, called electrical or megavar oscillations.
– Occur due to improper tuning of exciters, governers, HVDC converters, SVC controls.
– Frequency range is 1.5 to 2.5 Hz

• Intra-Plant Oscillations
– Confined within a plant & not common
– Frequency range is 2 to 3 Hz

• Torisional Mode of Oscillations

– Occurs when a multistage turbine-generator is connected to grid through a series compensated line
– Frequency range : 10 to 46 Hz
Oscillations for 10 secs due to
delayed SPS operation
 Monitoring of Oscillations on 765 kV Tehri
Meerut
• Tehri HEP had reported oscillations when 765kV Tehri-
Meerut line (charged at 400 kV) carries more than
700MW and only one out of two ckts from Tehri to
Meerut is in service.

• An exercise was carried out on 3rd Feb 2011 from 11.25

hrs to 11.35 hrs by THDC under controlled environment
to check the oscillation phenomenon and line
loadability.
Connectivity of THDC with Grid
 Salient Points of Testing
 04th Unit of Tehri synchronized at 11:25 Hrs of 03rd February 2011.

 Only 765kV Tehri-Meerut ckt#2 was in service.

 The 765kV Tehri-Koteshwar-Meerut ckt#1 was out of service.

 Power flow of this line was gradually increased upto 1050 MW.

 Oscillations were observed in the range of 740-1050MW of power

flow in 765kV Tehri-Meerut Ckt#2.

 Oscillation of 0.833 Hz were observed through synchro-phasor

data.
0.833 Hz
Oscillations……..Tehri

• Subsequently learnt that THDC had got the

Power System Stabilizers (PSS) at Tehri tuned
through BHEL.

• Same problem has not been experienced

again
Generation loss of 2000
MW at Rihand STPS
Calculation of FRC
49.966 Hz

49.751 Hz
 Sl. Generation Change in FRC=
Date & Time Event
No. loss freq MW/Hz

8th Jan 2013 at 8:35 Tripping of Units at

1 690 0.331 2084
hrs Shrawati Power station
28th Jan 2013 at Tripping of Units at
2   850 0.426 1995
23:21 hrs Shrawati Power station
11th Feb 2013 at Generation loss at
3 370 0.215 1720
3:26 hrs Neyveli Stg-2
3rd March 2013 at Generation loss at
4 370 0.213 1737
14:33hrs Neyveli Stg-2
10th Mar 2013 at Generation loss at
5 1000 0.517 2127
15:04 hrs UPCL

• From these events the power number of S.R grid can be approximated as
2000MW/Hz
Validation of measurement cycle
of df/dt relay
Thank You