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Restricted Earth Fault Protection

REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. A separate REF scheme is required because the CTs of a normal earth fault relay will not sense faults in the internal zone as the fault current will not pass through them. REF relays include a stabilizing resistor to avoid unwanted operation from small CT mismatch currents. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated such that the voltage developed across the relay during maximum through fault conditions is insufficient to operate the relay.

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sherub wangdi
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241 views15 pages

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. A separate REF scheme is required because the CTs of a normal earth fault relay will not sense faults in the internal zone as the fault current will not pass through them. REF relays include a stabilizing resistor to avoid unwanted operation from small CT mismatch currents. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated such that the voltage developed across the relay during maximum through fault conditions is insufficient to operate the relay.

Uploaded by

sherub wangdi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION

REF PROTECTION IS TO DETECT


INTERNAL EARTH FAULTS IN
AC MACHINES LIKE GENERATORS &
TRANSFORMERS
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION

WHY NORMAL E/F IS INADEQUATE ?

CTs OF NORMAL E/F RELAY WILL NOT SENSE


FAULT IN THE INTERNAL ZONE SINCE
FAULT CURRENT WILL NOT PASS THROUGH
THEM

HENCE A SEPATE REF SCHEME IS REQUIRED


TO DETECT INTERNAL E/F
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT A

RELAY

N
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT B

RELAY

N
REF PROTECTION

FAULT A (EXTERNAL) FAULT B (INTERNAL)

FAULT CURRENT FLOWS FAULT CURRENT FLOWS


THROUGH Y PHASE CT & THROUGH NUETRAL CT
NUETRAL CT N. N ONLY.

NO FAULT CURRENT RELAY SEES A CURRENT


FLOWS IN THE RELAY WHICH IS DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE VECTORIAL
RELAY WILL NOT TRIP SUM OF RYB AND THE
FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH N

RELAY WILL TRIP


REF PROTECTION

STABILISING RESISTOR FOR REF RELAYS

- SINCE REF RELAY HAS TO SENSE A


SMALL DIFFERENCE IN CURRENT AND TRIP,
IT WILL HAVE A LOW PICK UP SETTING.

- WHEN PICK UP SETTING IS LOW, RELAY MAY


PICK UP DUE TO SMALL DIFFERENCES
IN CT CHARACTERISTICS MISMATCH.

- TO AVOID THIS PROBLEM A


STABILISING RESISTOR IS USED IN ALL
REF RELAYS
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

- VALUE OF Rst SHOULD BE SUCH THAT


VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE RELAY
UNDER MAX THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
IS INSUFFICIENT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.

- REFER THE DIAGRAM OF THROUGH FAULT


CT Y HAS SATURATED
V= If * (Rct+Rl))/N

- V SHOULD NOT CAUSE A CURRENT WHICH WILL


OPERATE RELAY
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT A

V= (If * (Rct+Rl))/N Rst RELAY


WHERE
N V
If = MAX. PRIMARY
THROUGH FAULT CURRENT
N = CT RATIO
Rct = CT WINDING RESISTANCE
Rl = LEAD RESISTANCE (RELAY TO CT)
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

1. PICK UP SETTING IN THE RELAY 10%


RELAY OPERATING CURRENT 0.1A

THERE ARE 4 CTs IN PARALLEL


CT RATIO 3000

KNEE PONT VOLTAGE OF CT 160


MAX THROUGH FAULT CURRENT 36KA
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF THROUGH FAULT CURRENT

IF ON THE CT PRIMARY SIDE

KVA RATING OF TRANSFORMER 1600


VOLTAGE RATING 11000 / 415 V
% IMPEDANCE 6.25

KVA 1600000
IF (Sy SIDE) = =
1.732 X 415 X Z% 718.78 X .0625

= 36 KA
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

2. Rst SHOULD BE SELECTED IN SUCH A WAY


UNDER THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
THE RELAY DOES NOT SEE A VOLTAGE
SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO TRIP

LET US ASSUME THAT ONE CT HAS


SATURATED FULLY UNDER THROUGH
FAULT CONDITIONS (WORST CASE)

LET US ASSUME THAT WHOLE OF PRIMARY


CURRENTS ARE PERFECTLY TRANSFORMED
INTO SECONDARY IN THE REMAINING CTs.
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

UNDER THESE CONDITIONS :

Vr = If ( Rct +Rl)/N
= 36000 (3+0.15)/3000 = 38V
REF PROTECTION
CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

NOTE THAT AT THIS VOLTAGE Vr , THE CURRENT


THROUGH RELAY SHOULD BE LESS THAN OR
EQUAL TO PICK UP CURRENT.

THIS MEANS THAT R = Vr/0.1= 38 /0.1 = 380 OHMS


WHERE R = Rst+RELAY IMPEDANCE

RELAY IMPEDANCE = RELAY BURDEN / (Is*Is)


= 0.9/0.01=90 ohms

Rst = 380 - 90 = 290 OHMS

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