ORIENTATION

MODULE 1
 INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND Nepal Engineer's
Forum
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
THE BEST STRUCTURAL DESIGNER
IS NOT NECESSARILY THE ONE
WHO MAKES THE FEWEST
MISTAKES INITIALLY, BUT
PROBABLY IS THE ONE WHO
DISCOVERS THE LARGEST
PERCENTAGE OF HIS OR HER
MISTAKES AND CORRECTS THEM.
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
•Structural Analysis deals with the design and analysis of
structures used to support loads in the most economical manner,
with maximum element of safety.
•One of the greatest ancient structures was the Pyramid of Giza that
was constructed in the 26th century BC. The major structures during
this period were the pyramids since the shape of the pyramids is
basically stable.
•Due to the rapid growth of computer technology and other
sciences, there has been a profound advancement in the science of
structural engineering.
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Methods of Structural Analysis used in History.
Slope Deflection Method- Continuous Beam
Moment Distribution Method
Common Approximate Method, Moment Coefficient Method
(Elastic Analysis)
Portal Method- Lateral Loads.
Matrix Analysis
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Finite Element Analysis
Finite Difference Method- Nodal Analysis
Programs of the finite element analysis can now precisely
calculate the distribution of stresses in structures, and indicate the
stresses in the structure in a time convenient way.
These programs offer numerous simulation options in the field of
modeling and analysis of different systems.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
SOFTWARE
Buildings Bridge Hydropower
STAAD PRO CSI Bridge HEC RAS
ETABS Midas Civil Simulation
SAP2000
Larsa 4D Software
Tekla
3D Analysis Roads
RISA SW DTM
ANSYS
MIDAS
Abascus
Proto Structure
SAFE
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
CODES:
IS 456:2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice
IS 875, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
SP 34, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
IS 1893:2016 Part 1, Criteria for Earthquake Resistance Design of
Structures.
IS 13920:2016, Ductile Detailing of RCC Structures.
Nepal Building Codes.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Analyze the Architectural Drawings.
Check whether it follow building Bye-Laws.
Check the Building regularity.
Check the span, and preliminary design of beam (L/12) and slab
(deflection & thickness) needs to be done.
Check the plans and calculate the loads according to IS 875: Part
2.
Check the number of stories, Story height and Total building
dimensions along X and Y for calculation of Time Period.
CALCULATIONS OF LOADS
{SHELL}
Loads on Slabs [Imposed Loadings]: {Refer IS 875: Part2}
Residential- Maximum 3 KN/m²
Commercial- Maximum 5 KN/m²
Use different Load Patterns for Loads upto 3 KN/m² and greater than
3 KN/m²
Load Check by using Force/Area=Pressure, Residential (Less than
10), Commercial (greater than 10 less than 15 {depending upon the
loading}
Density of Materials:
Brickwork: 19 KN/m³, Marble : 26.70 KN/m³, Screeding/Punning-
20.40 KN/m³
Wood: 8.5 KN/m³, Tiles- 0.5 KN/m², Parqueting- 0.15 KN/m²
Manual Calculations of the Partition Wall Load, Machine Loadings,
CALCULATIONS OF LOADS
{FRAME}
Floor Height- h, Beam Depth- d, Slab Depth- S , Thickness of wall- t
d

Weight (KN/m)= Height x Thickness x Density {Wall Load}

Weight (KN/m)= Height x Thickness x Density x2 {Plaster}

For Wall Openings; You can take 70% of the calculated Load.

Calculate the Volume of the Wall & Area of Opening.

Multiply the difference of Volume of wall and Area of opening with
density of the brick/partition wall material, then divide by the length
of the beam to calculate the accurate load of the wall with the area
of the opening.
INTRODUCTION TO ETABS
Create New Model
Define Materials (Concrete and Rebars )
Define Sections (Frame, Slab, Wall)
Define Diaphragm.
Define Load Pattern.
Define Earthquake Loads.
Define Load Combinations.
Define Mass Source.
CREATE NEW MODEL
MODELLING STEPS
Define Grids in X and Y Directions.
Define Storey Height.
Define Materials for Concrete and Rebar.
Define Beam, Columns, Slabs, Shear Wall Sections.
LOADS
•Dead Loads (Self Weight of the element)
•Live Loads (Loads on Shell)
•Floor Finish (Loads on Shell)
•Wall Loads, Partitions (Loads on Beam or Shell)
•Lateral Loads, Earthquake, Wind Load (Loads on building as a
whole)
 LOAD COMBINATIONS

30% of design earthquake along other direction is taken for lateral load resisting
elements that are not oriented along mutually orthogonal horizontal directions
MASS SOURCE
END OF MODULE 1