QUADCOPTER

CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Literature
 Problem statement
 Basic Materials Required
 Working Principle
 Block Diagram
 Circuit Diagram
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Applications
 conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
 Quad copter is an aerial vehicle which is operated to
fly independently.
 It is a type of a small representation of Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle(UAV).
 A Quadcopter, also called a Quadrotor helicopter, is a
Multicopter that is lifted and propelled by four rotors.
 Quadcopters are classified as rotorcraft, as opposed
to fixed-wing aircraft, because their lift is
generated by a set of revolving narrow-chord
airfoils.
 Control of vehicle motion is achieved by altering
the rotation rate of one or more rotor discs,
thereby changing its torque load and thrust/lift
characteristics.
 Literature

Quadcopters differ from conventional helicopters, which use rotors that are able to
vary the pitch of their blades dynamically as they move around the rotor hub. In the
early days of flight, quadcopters (then referred to either as 'quadrotors' or simply as
'helicopters') were seen as possible solutions to some of the persistent problems in
vertical flight. Torque-induced control issues (as well as efficiency issues originating
from the tail rotor, which generates no useful lift) can be eliminated by counter-
rotation, and the relatively short blades are much easier to construct. A number of
manned designs appeared in the 1920s and 1930s.
 Problem
Statement
In order to control any remote control model, it is absolutely necessary to have a radio
controller.
Before jumping into aerial photography and aerobatics, it is important to understand
how to fly a multi copter. For those who are familiar with remote control aircraft,
specifically helicopters, flying a multi copter is not much different. As with any
remote control vehicle, maintaining orientation while navigating from a 3rd person
perspective can be quite difficult, but it develops with practice.

Most controllers consist of a handheld transmitter and a small receiver. These can
range in price from $30 up to several thousand dollars. Many inexpensive radios can be
purchased for less than $100; however, they may sometimes require technical
modifications and maintenance to achieve the desired performance.
These radios are not always as reliable as more expensive radios, but they are great
for budget multi copters.
 BASIC MATERIALS REQUIRED

 K.K. Multicontroller v.5.5

 Brushless Motors – 1200kV

 1.2 GHz Transmitter and Receiver

 Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC)

 Bullet Connectors

 Propellers

 Gyroscope

 Accelerometer

 A strong base as to hold the structure

 BLOCK DIAGRAM
MOTOR

DRIVERS

MOTOR
MOTOR

MICRO

DRIVERS
DRIVERS

CONTROLLER
(ATMEGA
16)

DRIVERS

MOTOR
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

 Quadcopter is a device with a intense mixture of

Electronics, Mechanical and mainly on the principle of
Aviation.
 The Quadcopter has 4 motors whose speed of rotation and
the direction of rotation changes according to the users
desire to move the device in a particular direction (i.e
Takeoff motion, Landing motion, Forward motion,
Backward motion, Left motion, Right Morion. )
 The rotation of Motors changes as per the transmitted
signal send from the 6-Channel transmitter.
 The program for which is written in the AT-MEGA 16
chip.
 The signal from microcontroller goes to ESC’s which
in turn control the speed of motor.
WORKING PRINCIPLE – MOTOR ROTATION

Take off Motion

Landing Motion
WORKING PRINCIPLE – MOTOR ROTATION

FORWARD MOTION

BACKWARD MOTION
WORKING PRINCIPLE – MOTOR ROTATION

RIGHT MOTION

LEFT MOTION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ADVANTAGES
 Small-scale quad -copters have frames that
enclose the rotors, permitting flights through
more challenging environments, with lower risk
of damaging the vehicle or its surroundings.
 Small-scale UAV’s makes the vehicles safer for
close interaction.
 Quadcopters do not require mechanical linkages
to vary the rotor blade pitch angle as they spin.
This simplifies the design and maintenance of
the vehicle.
 The use of four rotors allows each individual
rotor to have a smaller diameter than the
equivalent helicopter rotor, allowing them to
possess less kinetic energy during flight.
 DISADVANTAGES

 The most significant problem to date have been

an ambitious development schedule coupled with
very limited funds.
 The ambition is followed by complexity in
calculation and designing.
 APPLICATIONS - MILITARY
 Quadcopter - Unmanned Arial Vehicle are used
for surveillance and reconnaissance by military and
law enforcement agencies, as well as search and
rescue missions in urban environments.
 One such example is the Aeryon Scout, created by
Canadian company Aeryon Labs, which is a small UAV
that can quietly hover in place and use a camera to
observe people and objects on the ground. The company
claims that the machine played a key role in a drug bust
in Central America by providing visual surveillance of a
Drug Traffickers compound deep in the jungle (Aeryon
won't reveal the country's name and other specifics).
APPLICATIONS – COMMERCIAL
 The largest use of Quadcopters has been in the
field of aerial imagery although, in the USA, it is
currently illegal to use remote controlled
vehicles for commercial purposes. Quadcopter
UAVs are suitable for this job because of their
autonomous nature and huge cost savings.
 Quadcopters are now used in India for the same
applications.
 One such example was Zee Cine Awards held in
2013 used Quadcopter for shooting the award
function for better viewing from the top.
 Conclusion

When selecting wireless video equipment, it is important to check local regulation

for restrictions on certain bandwidths. Lower bandwidths are more capable of
broadcasting over long distances and penetrating objects, while higher bandwidths
can handle a greater flow of data.
Video transmitters can interfere with wireless radios and telemetry so they should
each operate on different bandwidths.
 REFERENCES

Ff. R.T. Collins, A.J. Lipton, T. Kanade, Introduction to the

special sectionon video surveillance, IEEE Trans. Pattern
Anal. Mach. Intell. 22 (8) (2000) 745–746
 
A. R. Francois and G. G. Medioni. Adaptive colour
background modeling for real-time segmentation of
video streams. In Proceedings of the International
Conference on Imaging Science, Systems, and
Technology, pages 227{232, 1999. [3] R.O. Duda and
P.E.Hart, Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, New
York: Wiley, 1973.
 
R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing
(third edition), Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-
Wesley, 1992