Unit 4 Magnetism

Objectives:
• Discuss the properties of permanent
magnets.
• Discuss the difference between the axis
poles of the earth and the magnetic poles
of the earth.
• Discuss the operation of electromagnets.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Objectives:
• Determine the polarity of an electromagnet
when the direction of current is known.
• Discuss the different systems used to
measure magnetism.
• Define terms used to describe magnetism
and magnetic quantities.
Unit 4 Magnetism
The Earth Is a Magnet
• Magnetism is one of the most important
natural phenomena.
• Magnetic force was known over 2000
years ago by the Greeks.
• The first magnetic stones were found in
Magnesia near Asia Minor.
• This stone is called magnetite.
Unit 4 Magnetism
The Earth Is a Magnet
• Magnetite was noticed to attract iron.
• A simple compass was invented using
magnetite.
• The compass stones or leading stones
became known as lodestones.
• Lodestones align with the earth’s magnetic
poles.
Unit 4 Magnetism
The Earth Is a Magnet
• The earth’s axis poles and magnetic poles
are not aligned.
• The angle of declination is the difference
in alignment between the earth’s magnetic
pole and the axis pole.
• Note: the earth’s magnetic north pole is
located in the southern hemisphere.
Unit 4 Magnetism

The first compass.

Unit 4 Magnetism

The earth is a magnet.

Unit 4 Magnetism
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
• Permanent magnets do not require any
power to maintain their field.
• Energy is required to create a magnetic
field, but no energy is required to maintain
a magnetic field. This is one of the basic
laws of magnetism.
Unit 4 Magnetism
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
• Manmade permanent magnets are much
stronger and last longer than natural
magnets.
• There are only three substances that form
natural magnets: iron, nickel, and cobalt.
• One theory of magnetism states that
electrons spin on their own axis while
orbiting the nucleus.
Unit 4 Magnetism

Electron pairs generally spin in opposite directions.

Unit 4 Magnetism
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
• This spinning action causes each electron
to become a tiny permanent magnet.
• The electrons tend to form pairs spinning
in opposite directions. These pairs negate
each other’s magnetism.
• Magnetic materials have some electrons
that do not have their magnetism
cancelled in a pair.
Unit 4 Magnetism
The Electron Theory of Magnetism
• These magnetic materials (iron, nickel,
and cobalt) have regions of magnetic
polarity called magnetic domains .
• When the magnetic domains are aligned
on an axis, the material is magnetized.
• When the magnetic domains are in
disarray, the material is not magnetic.
Unit 4 Magnetism

The atoms are disarrayed in a piece of

nonmagnetized metal.
Unit 4 Magnetism

The atoms are aligned on an axis in a piece of

magnetized metal.
Unit 4 Magnetism

When a magnet is cut apart, each piece becomes a

separate magnet.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Materials
• The three classes of magnetic materials
are:
– Ferromagnetic
– Paramagnetic
– Diamagnetic
Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Materials
• Ferromagnetic materials are easily
magnetized. Examples of these materials
are iron, nickel, cobalt.
• Paramagnetic materials are not as easily
magnetized. Examples are platinum,
titanium, and chromium.
• Diamagnetic materials cannot be
magnetized.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Materials
• Diamagnetic materials can be metal or
nonmetal.
• Magnetic lines of force tend to go around
diamagnetic materials.
• Examples of diamagnetic materials are
copper, brass, and antimony.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Flux
• Magnetic lines of force are called flux.
• Flux is represented by the Greek symbol
phi (Φ).
• Magnetic flux lines repel each other and
never cross.
• Magnetic flux lines do not flow, but have
a north and south direction.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Flux
• Magnetic flux lines form north poles and
south poles.
• Unlike poles attract, and like poles repel.
• Iron filings sprinkled on a piece of paper
held over a magnet reveal magnetic flux
lines.
Unit 4 Magnetism

Opposite magnetic poles flux pattern.

Unit 4 Magnetism

Like magnetic poles flux pattern.

Unit 4 Magnetism

Opposite poles of a magnet attract, and like poles

repel.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Electromagnets
• Whenever an electric current flows
through a conductor, a magnetic field is
formed around the conductor.
• Electromagnets depend on current flow
to produce a magnetic field.
• The magnetic field usually only lasts as
long as current is flowing.
Unit 4 Magnetism

Current flowing through a conductor produces a

magnetic field around the conductor.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Electromagnets
• Increasing the current flow will increase
the magnetic field strength.
• Turns or loops of wire also increase the
magnetic field strength.
• Thus magnetic field strength is
proportional to its ampere-turns.
Unit 4 Magnetism

Winding the wire into a coil increases the strength

of the magnetic field.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Core Material
• Core material is the base that the wires
are wound around.
• Nonmagnetic core materials are referred
to as air cores.
• Cores made from magnetic materials like
iron greatly increase the field strength.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Core Material
• Permeability is a measure of a material’s
willingness to become magnetized.
• An air core has a permeability of one.
• An iron core provides an easy path for
flux lines. The flux lines become
concentrated and the field strength
increases.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Core Material
• Reluctance is resistance to magnetism.
• Saturation occurs when all the molecules
of a magnetic material are lined up.
• Residual magnetism remains after the
magnetizing force is stopped.
Unit 4 Magnetism

An iron core increases the number of flux lines per

square inch.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Measurement Systems
• There are three different measurement
systems:
– the English system
– the CGS system
– the MKS system
Unit 4 Magnetism

A unit magnetic pole produces a force of one dyne.

Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Polarity
• The polarity of an electromagnet can be
determined using the left-hand rule.
• When the fingers of the left hand are
placed around the windings in the
direction of current flow, the thumb will
point in the direction of the north
magnetic pole.
Unit 4 Magnetism

The left-hand rule can be used to determine the

polarity of an electromagnet.
Unit 4 Magnetism
Demagnetizing
• Demagnetizing an object is
accomplished by causing the molecules
to become disarrayed.
• An AC magnetic field can be used to
demagnetize an object.
• Heating or striking an object will also
cause demagnetization.
Unit 4 Magnetism

Demagnetizing an object.
Unit 4 Magnetism

Other methods for demagnetizing objects.

Unit 4 Magnetism
Magnetic Devices
• Our society uses many types of magnetic
devices. Our lives would be very different
without motors and transformers.
• The speaker is another device that
operates on the principles of
electromagnetism.
Unit 4 Magnetism

A speaker uses both an electromagnet and a

permanent magnet.
 Unit 4 Magnetism
Review:
1. Early natural magnets were known as
lodestones.
2. The earth has a north and south magnetic
pole.
3. The magnetic poles of the earth and the
axis poles are not the same.
4. Like poles of a magnet repel, and unlike
poles attract.
 Unit 4 Magnetism
Review:
5. Some materials have the ability to become
better magnets than other materials.
6. Three basic types of magnetic materials
are:
a. Ferromagnetic.
b. Paramagnetic.
c. diamagnetic.
7. When current flows through a wire, a
magnetic field is created around the wire.
 Unit 4 Magnetism
Review:
8. The direction of current flow through a wire
determines the polarity of the magnetic field.
9. The strength of the magnetic field is
determined by the ampere turns.
10.The type of core material in an
electromagnet can increase the strength of
the magnetic field.
 Unit 4 Magnetism
Review:
11. Three different systems are used to
measure the strength of magnetic fields:
a. the English system.
b. the CGS system.
c. the MKS system.
12. An object can be demagnetized by placing
it in an AC magnetic field and pulling it
away, by striking, and by heating.