Introduction to Adolescent’s Intrapersonal and

Interpersonal

Dr. Nooraida Yakob

24 September 2012
 Introduction

• INTRAPERSONAL

• INTERPERSONAL

• Adolescent
 Adolescent/teenager

• When an individual begins and ends as a teenager?

 Adolescent/teenager

• Steinberg (1999) categorized

teenagers into 3 level

1) Early teens (11 – 14 tahun)

2) Mid-teens(15 – 18 tahun)
3) Late teens(18 – 21 tahun)
 Adolescence

• Adolescence is
derived from a Latin word
‘to grow into adulthood’

• Adolescence is
the development from a
childhood to an
adulthood.
 ADOLESCENCE

• Three Aspects of Change in Adolescent

• Biology change 
• Cognitive changes
• Social change
 BIOLOGY CHANGE

• The important element is puberty

• Changes in body shape.
– Boys ?????
– Girls ?????

• Awareness of sexism is increasing.
 BIOLOGY CHANGE

• Begins when hormones enter the blood vessels due to a

respond from the hypothalamus of the brain.

• When the levels of growth hormone really gets into your

body, it will boost the growth of children.

• It is sign that you are at the beginning of 

puberty.
 THE IMPACT OF BIOLOGY CHANGE

• Influence the development of adolescent psychology

and social relations.

• Affect  the adolescents’ self-image.

• Always comparing himself/herself with peers

  
 THE IMPACT OF BIOLOGY CHANGE

• According to Stanley Hall (1904):

– An individual’s development is determined by the instincts (such

as biological energies and genetic factors), not by
the environment.
– He said that teenagers as in the "storm and stress' stage as a
results from the changes that occur during the puberty.
– Puberty is a time when their emotions become
unstable and threatened.
– It was believed as a result of pressure and biology changes in
order to be a matured person
 COGNITIVE CHANGE

• Refer to their thinking.

• Memory and problem solving is a cognitive process

• Afford to more sophisticated in thinking

• Think about a hypothetical situation, able to think

about abstract concepts such as friendship,
democracy and philosophy.
 COGNITIVE CHANGE

• Based on Piaget's cognitive theory perspective, the
development of cognitive intelligence has reached the
maximum level
• At this stage, they had reached the level of formal
operational
• They can think abstractly, can make a decision and
hypotheses through observation
• At this time they could think of something that will or
may occur, something abstract.
 COGNITIVE CHANGE

They are obedient, compliant and be wary

of opinions and beliefs
• Start thinking about themselves and their role in society

• Began to make plans based on the opinions

and position adjusted by the requirements of the
community

• However, they rarely practiced (Burbulus and Lin 1998)

 SOCIAL CHANGE

• How do the society differentiate them 

(adolescents and children ...)

• They had been given permission to obtain a license, get

married and vote.

• Social relations are no longer restricted to family

and school friends, but has extensive outdoor activities.
 CONTEXT OF ADOLESCENTS’ CHANGES

• All teens experience a fundamental change, BUT the

effects of such changes is not the same for each youth.

• What are the factor of these changes ?

 CONTEXT OF ADOLESCENTS’ CHANGES

• The effect is not the same for every teens because it

depends on the environmental factors of the teens.

• Psychological developments during adolescence is a
product of three basic changes and the context/
environment of the teen itself

• What are the contexts???

Family Peers

Contexts/environment

Work environment
school
and leisure time
 FAMILY- Parents

• Played a major role in shaping the future of the family.

• The most important aspect is discipline.

– Some parents did not show good example to their children. As
A result, their children will be following the foot steps with their
parents’ attitude and actions.
– Some parents are not aligned or understand their children’s
feeling, the children will feel insecure and try to find a way out
of this problem.
– As a result,  children will not listen to their family and spent
much time with peers to share problems and eliminate boredom.
 Keluarga –Ibu bapa

• Factors :
• Income
– Low-income parents, the parents cannot afford school fees.
– They use this reason to avoid their parents, they feel ashamed to go
to school and they deviate or loitering in shopping complexes.
– High-income parents usually let their children without
attention or smother their children with luxury

 Therefore, according to James Becker :

  the imbalance of  discipline will cause the children who do not able to create
a good self-control.
 PEERS

• Friends act as their second parents 

• The influence of peers are able to shape teens’

behavior, attitudes and values​​, especially to those
who are dropped out from schools and have family’s
problem.

• Having certain assumptions that certain rules and

laws at home or school as something trivial/unimportant
 and need not be complied with.
 PEERS
• Began to form his own group that will provide specific
rules and consist of certain members.

• Each member must follow the rules

and sometimes, they will compete to
each others-existence competition.

• Like to try something new and start the incidence

of disciplinary problems, such bully, fighting and so on.

• Use common sense to act .... (Rational thought)

 SCHOOL
• As their second house.

• Educators / teachers become their parents while in school.

• Teacher's work more challenging in an era of globalization.

• It should be a role model to students.

• Failure to educate will lead to the discipline problems among

their students
 SCHOOL

• Conflicts arise if the student is not satisfied with the

schools’/class rules 
• Conflicts of the soul, inner rebellion and dissatisfaction in
their lives.
• As a result, they have mental stress.
 Environment

• The  electronic media - the biggest factor in this era

• Teens are easy imitate by the various scenes and

negative behavior 

• They have high curiosity - try to do what ever they see

• The globalization era – all information are ”at the fingertips”

   
 INTRAPERSONAL

• Communication with yourself- self-talk – to

identify attitudes, emotions and thoughts.
• Aspects within yourself.
 INTRAPERSONAL

• Realistic, positive self-talk can have a reassuring effect

on your level of self-worth/confidence and on your
interactions with others.

• Conversely, repeating negative messages about yourself

- lack of skill and ability can keep you from trying and
achieving
 Sports Psychologist – Karlene Sugarman

• “Positive self-talk will help your performance,

Negative self-talk will make matters worse”.

• Positive self-talk helps you to develop secure attitudes

toward your performance and validates your capabilities.

 Without hard work won’t succeed.

 Assignment

• Draw who are you.

 INTERPERSONAL

• Your relationships with others.

• According to Sullivan :
The development of Interpersonal Theory

Social Development Psychological Development

 The development of Interpersonal Theory

• Early adolescents (11-14 years)
Needs warmth and acceptance of same
sex partners.

Middle adolescents (15-18 years)
Needs intimacy with opposite sex partners.

End adolescents (18 - adult)
Consolidation in the adult community needs.
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
 In Order To Have A Good Interpersonal
Relationships
• Don’t criticize, condemn, or complain about people.
– There’s no faster way create resentment/anger toward you than to
criticize or complain about a person.
– Instead of telling people they’re doing something wrong, consider asking
them questions to try to find out why they do what they do.
– Offer them an alternative in a way that comes across as trying to help
• Appreciate people.
– If you’re normal, you’re probably very quick to notice things you don’t like
about people.
– Whenever you see someone, imagine them wearing a flashing sign on
their chest that says APPRECIATE ME, PLEASE! 
– If you start appreciating the good things others are doing, they are much
more likely to give you more good things to appreciate.
– Just make sure your appreciation is genuine.
 In Order To Have A Good Interpersonal
Relationships
• Be genuinely interested in others.
– You’ll make more friends by being interested in others than you
ever will by trying to get people to be interested in you. 

• Smile.
– Smiles are infectious.
– They make others feel warm inside and warmer toward you.
– Force yourself to do it if you have to because it will ultimately
make you feel better too. Please smile!
 In Order To Have A Good Interpersonal
Relationships
• Be a good listener.
– This goes back to the principle of focusing on the other person.
– Listen more than you speak and encourage others to talk about
themselves and you’ll quickly develop good interpersonal relations with
them.
• Make others feel important.
– If someone is important to you, tell them so!
– This goes for any type of interpersonal relationship including your
spouse, kids, employees, coworkers, your friends, family — anyone!
People like to feel important.
– Give them what they want and they will love you for it.
– Again, it’s important that you do this with sincerity.
 In Order To Have A Good Interpersonal
Relationships

• Avoid arguing, and understand that you really aren’t

always right.
– When two people argue, neither one is really listening to the
other.
– You’ll be better off to try and remain calm and listen to the other
person’s thoughts.
– Then take some time to consider them. Maybe you’re not right!
– And if you are right, telling someone else will only make them
resentful.
– Be tactful/diplomatic in your approach and consider the other
person’s feelings.
– Try asking yourself how you would feel in their situation.
 In Order To Have A Good Interpersonal
Relationships

• If you’re wrong, admit it.

– You can really harm your interpersonal relations if you refuse to admit
when you’re wrong.
– It’s frustrating for others and it damages their trust in you.
– If you’re wrong, or you made a mistake, admit it.
• Save your anger.
– If you approach someone in anger, their defenses immediately go up
and your discussion will go nowhere.
– If you have a problem with someone that needs to be sorted out,
approach that person calmly.
– Ask them if you can sit down with them to work on an amicable solution
for both of you.
– Everyone thinks more clearly when they’re calm.
 In Order To Have A Good Interpersonal
Relationships

• Suggest, don’t tell.

– Interpersonal relations are strained when you tell someone how

to do something or how to think.
– People like to come up with their own beliefs or opinions of how
to do things.
– Instead, try offering suggestions.
– Suggestions leave people more open to considering your idea
rather than stubbornly defending their position.