SISTEM SARAF

PERIFER

Dept. Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran USU
 Fungsi nervus spinalis dan nervus
kranialis
 Fungsi dan divisi saraf otonom
 Karakteristik persarafan simpatis dan
parasimpatis
 Refleks otonom
Functional classification of Peripheral Nervous System
 Spinal Nerves

Thirty-one pairs of mixed

(sensory and motor
functions) nerves arise
from the spinal cord and
supply all parts of the
body except the head

Figure 13.6
 The Cranial Nerves

 12 pair of nerves that arise from brain & exit through foramina
Spinal and cranial nerves consist of
sensory and motor neurons

 Sensory (afferent) : carry impulse

to the CNS
 Motor (efferent) : carry impulses
from CNS
 Mixed : sensory and motor fibers
carry impulses to and from CNS;
most common type of nerve
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Cranial Nerve II: Optic

Functions solely by
carrying afferent Functions solely by
impulses for the carrying afferent impulses
sense of smell for vision
Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear

Functions : raising the

eyelid, directing the Primarily a motor nerve
eyeball, constricting the that directs the eyeball
iris, and controlling lens
shape
 Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal

• Composed of three divisions

• Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face
(V1) and (V2), and supplies motor fibers (V3) for mastication
 Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens

Primarily a motor nerve

innervating the lateral rectus
muscle
Figure VI from Table 13.2
 Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
 Motor functions include facial expression,
and the transmittal of autonomic impulses
to lacrimal and salivary glands
 Sensory function is taste from the anterior
two-thirds of the tongue
 Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear
 Two divisions : cochlear (hearing) and
vestibular (balance)
 Functions are solely sensory :
equilibrium and hearing
 Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
 Motor : innervates part of the tongue and
pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the
parotid salivary gland
 Sensory : fibers conduct taste and general
sensory impulses from the tongue and
pharynx
 Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
 The only cranial nerve
that extends beyond
the head and neck
 The vagus is a mixed
nerve
 Most motor fibers are
parasympathetic
fibers to the heart,
lungs, and visceral
organs
 Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
 Primarily a motor
nerve

Supplies fibers to
the larynx, pharynx,
and soft palate

Innervates the
trapezius and
sternocleidomastoid,
which move the
head and neck
 Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal

 Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic

muscles of the tongue, which
contribute to swallowing and speech
Cranial Nerves

Table 9-1: The Cranial Nerves

 Divisions of the ANS
The two divisions of the ANS are the
sympathetic and parasympathetic
 The sympathetic mobilizes the body

during extreme situations

 The parasympathetic performs

maintenance activities and

conserves body energy
 The two divisions counterbalance

each other’s activity

 sympathetic>>

parasympathetic
 Parasympathetic

 Decreased Heart Rate

 Decreased Blood Pressure
 Pupil Constriction
 Increased Urination
 Decreased Sweating
 Bronchial Constriction
 Increased Salivation
 Sympathetic

 Increased Heart Rate

 Increased Blood Pressure
 Pupil Dilation
 Decreased Urination
 Increased Sweating
 Bronchial Dilation
 Decreased Salivation
Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic Nervous
System System
Fibers originate in thoracic and Fibers originate from cranial and sacral
lumbar regions of spinal cord areas of CNS

Most preganglionic fibers are short Preganglionic fibers are longer

Long postganglionic fibers Very short postganglionic fibers

Preganglionic fibers release Preganglionic fibers release

acetylcholine (Ach) acetylcholine (Ach)

Most postganglionic fibers release Postganglionic fibers release

noradrenaline (norepinephrine) acetylcholine
 Hypothalamus and Pituitary

pituitary

diencephalons
 Autonomic nerve pathway

Extends from CNS to an innervated
organ

Two-neuron chain
 Preganglionic fiber (synapses with cell body
of second neuron)
 Postganglionic fiber (innervates effector
organ)
Anatomy of ANS

Figure 14.3
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Systems

Figure 14.2
 Autonomic Reflexes
Visceral functions of the body are
regulated by autonomic reflexes.

Examples :
–Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflexes.
Baroreceptor reflex: BP ↑ stretch
receptors ( baro- receptors) in the walls of
internal carotid arteries and the arch of
the aorta  signals transmitted to the
brain stem  inhibit the sympathetic
impulses to the heart and blood vessels 
BP ↓
 Gastrointestinal Autonomic
Reflexes.

The smell food / presence of food in

the mouth  initiates signals from
the receptors in the nose and mouth
 the vagal, glossopharyngeal, and
salivatory nuclei of the brain stem.
 transmit signals through the
parasympathetic nerves 
the secretory glands of the mouth
and stomach causing secretion of
digestive juices (even before food