The Integral

The Integral
chapter 6
• The Indefinite Integral
• Substitution
• The Definite Integral As a Sum
• The Definite Integral As Area
• The Definite Integral: The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Antiderivative
An antiderivative of a function f is a
function F such that
F  f
Ex. An antiderivative of f ( x)  6 x
is F ( x)  3x 2  2
since F ( x)  f ( x ).

Indefinite Integral
The expression:
 f ( x)dx
read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,”
means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.
 f ( x)dx x is called the variable

of integration
Integral sign Integrand

Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of
the form F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a
constant.
 6 xdx  3x
2
Notice C
Represents every possible

antiderivative of 6x.
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part I
n 1
x

n
x dx   C if n  1
n 1
4
x

3
Ex. x dx  C
4

Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part II
1
 
1
x dx  dx  ln x  C
x
Indefinite Integral of ex and bx

 e dx  e  C
x x
x
b

x
b dx   C
ln b
Sum and Difference Rules
  f  g  dx   fdx   gdx 3 2
Ex.   x  x  dx   x dx   xdx    C
2 2 x x
3 2
Constant Multiple Rule

 
kf ( x)dx  k f ( x)dx (k constant)
4 4
x x
 
3 3
Ex. 2 x dx  2 x dx  2  C  C
4 2

Integral Example/Different Variable
Ex. Find the indefinite integral:
 u 7 

2
 3e   2u  6  du
 u 
1
   
u 2
 3 e du 7 du  2 u du  6du
u
u 2 3
 3e  7 ln u  u  6u  C
3

Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an
object at time t, then
ds dv
Velocity = v = Acceleration = a =
dt dt
Integral Form
s (t )   v(t )dt v(t )   a(t )dt

Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain
rule differentiation. If u is a function of
x, then we can use the formula
 f 
 
fdx    du
 du / dx 

Integration by Substitution
 3x  x 
9
2 3
Ex. Consider the integral:  5 dx
3 2
pick u  x +5, then du  3 x dx
du
2
 dx
3x
 
10
3
10 x 5

9 u
u du  C  C
10 10
Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute
Ex. Evaluate  x 5 x 2  7 dx
2 du Pick u,
Let u  5 x  7 then  dx
10 x compute du
1 1/ 2
 
2
x 5 x  7 dx  u du Sub in
10
3/ 2
 1 u
  C Integrate
 10   3 / 2 
 
3/ 2
2
5x 7
 C Sub in
15
dx
Ex. Evaluate  x  ln x  3
Let u  ln x then xdu  dx

dx
 x  ln x    u
3
3
du
2
u
 C
2
2

 ln x 
C
2
e3t dt
Ex. Evaluate
 3t
e 2
3t du
Let u  e +2 then 3t  dt
3e
e3t dt 1 1
e 2 3u
3t
 du
ln u
 C
3


3t
ln e  2  C
3
Shortcuts: Integrals of
Expressions Involving ax + b
Rule
n 1
 ax  b 
  ax  b   n  1
n
dx  C
a (n  1)
1 1
  ax  b  dx  ln ax  b  C
a
1 ax b
 e dx  a e  C
ax b
1 ax b
 c dx  a ln c c  C
ax b

Riemann Sum
If f is a continuous function, then the left Riemann
sum with n equal subdivisions for f over the interval
[a, b] is defined to be
n 1

k 0
f  xk  x
 f ( x0 )x  f ( x1 )x  ...  f ( xn1 )x

  f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )  ...  f ( xn 1 )  x
where a  x0  x1  ...  xn  b are the
subdivisions and x  (b  a) / n.
The Definite Integral
If f is a continuous function, the definite integral
of f from a to b is defined to be
b n 1
a f ( x)dx  nlim


k 0
f  xk  x
The function f is called the integrand, the

numbers a and b are called the limits of
integration, and the variable x is called the
variable of integration.
Approximating the Definite
Integral
Ex. Calculate the Riemann sum for the
2
0
2
integral x dx using n = 10.
n 1 9
1

k 0

f  xk  x 
k 0
2
xk  
5
 (1/ 5) 2  (2 / 5) 2  ...  (9 / 5) 2  (1/ 5)

 2.28
The Definite Integral
b

a
f ( x)dx
is read “the integral, from a to b of f(x)dx.”
Also note that the variable x is a “dummy

variable.” b b

a
f ( x)dx  
a
f (t )dt

The Definite Integral As a Total
If r(x) is the rate of change of a quantity Q
(in units of Q per unit of x), then the total
or accumulated change of the quantity as x
changes from a to b is given by
b
Total change in quantity Q  r ( x) dx a

The Definite Integral As a Total
Ex. If at time t minutes you are traveling at

a rate of v(t) feet per minute, then the total
distance traveled in feet from minute 2 to
minute 10 is given by
10
Total change in distance  v(t ) dt 2

Area Under a Graph
ba y  f ( x)
Width: x 
n
(n rect.)
a b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.
Approximating Area
Approximate the area under the graph of
f ( x)  2 x 2 on  0, 2
using n = 4.
A  x  f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  f ( x3 ) 
1 1  3 
A   f  0   f    f  1  f   
2 2  2 
1 1 9 7
A  0   2   
2 2 2 2
Area Under a Graph
y  f ( x)
a b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area is
n 1
Area  lim
n 

k 0
f  xk  x
b
 a f ( x)dx
Geometric Interpretation
(All
Functions)
y  f ( x)
R1 R3
a R2 b
b

a
f ( x)dx  Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3

Area Using Geometry
Ex. Use geometry to compute the integral
5
  x  1 dx
1
Area =4
Area = 2 5
  x  1 dx  4  2  2
1

Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
x
1. If A( x)   f (t ) dt , then A( x)  f ( x).
a
2. If F is any continuous antiderivative of

f and is defined on [a, b], then
b
a f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)
The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus
x
Ex. If A( x)   t  5tdt , find A( x).
3 4
3 4

A ( x)  x  5 x

Evaluating the Definite Integral
5 1 
Ex. Calculate 1  2 x   1 dx
 x 
 1 

5 5
1  2 x  x  1 dx  x  ln x  x 1
2
  
 5  ln 5  5  1  ln1  1
2 2

 28  ln 5  26.39056

Substitution for Definite Integrals
 2x  x 
1 1/ 2
Ex. Calculate
2
3 dx
0
let u  x 2  3 x
du
then  dx Notice limits change
2x
 2x  x  3x 
1 1/ 2 4
2
dx   u du 1/ 2
0 0
4
2 3/ 2 16
 u 
3 0 3

Computing Area
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the
vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y  2x2.
2 Gives the area since 2x3 is
0 2x dx
3
nonnegative on [0, 2].
   
2 1 4 1 4 1 4
0 8
3
2 x dx  x  2  0
2 0 2 2
Antiderivative Fund. Thm. of Calculus

The Integral

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The Integral

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The Integral

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

 f ( x)dx x is called the variable

Integral sign Integrand

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Represents every possible

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Indefinite Integral of ex and bx

Constant Multiple Rule

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Let u  ln x then xdu  dx

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

 f ( x0 )x  f ( x1 )x  ...  f ( xn1 )x

The function f is called the integrand, the

 (1/ 5) 2  (2 / 5) 2  ...  (9 / 5) 2  (1/ 5)

is read “the integral, from a to b of f(x)dx.”

Also note that the variable x is a “dummy

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Ex. If at time t minutes you are traveling at

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

2. If F is any continuous antiderivative of

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

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