Fikri Fatwa Ulhuda 1707113859

Interlock and Phase-Comparison

Schemes for The Protection
of Overhead
Transmission Lines
 KONSTRUKSI DAN PERILAKU
SALURAN TRANSMISI

1. Kabel bawah tanah bertegangan tinggi

2. Saluran tiga Fasa

3. Biaya kabel

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

In practice, therefore, the voltage supplied to each

relay is obtained from a phase or phases not

associated with the faults which it is to detect. As an

example, the 'a' phase earth fault relay could be

energized by a voltage proportional to that between

the phases band c of the line being protected.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

As an alternative a single relay could be used to

detennine the directions of both a phase to earth fault
and an interphase fault. As an example, a relay could
be supplied with inputs proportional to the 'c' phase
voltage and the 'a' phase current of a line. By setting
the relay to operate in a suitable angular zone it could
be made, as shown later, to detect the directions of
faults to earth on phase a and faults between phases a
and b of a protected line. It will be clear that this
practice would enable schemes to be produced with
only three relays at each end.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

Similar behaviour would be obtained for other types of

faults. As an example, the conditions which would
obtain during internal and external faults to earth on
the 'a' phase are shown in Fig.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

Summations of the above type produce outputs from

the positive-, negative- and zero-sequence components
of the voltages and currents present during fault
conditions. The outputs caused by zero-sequence
components of a given magnitude are much greater
than those produced by the other sequences, as shown
in Fig.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

Clearly, the same performance could be obtained from

sequence networks connected to current and voltage
transformers of the same ratio in each phase.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

The phases of the currents relative to the input

voltages of a line on which an interphase short-circuit
is present are dependent on the line impedance
between its input and the fault. As a result, fault
currents lag the corresponding voltages by angles (q»
approaching nl2 rad, i.e. for a fault between phases a
and b, the current (/a) will lag the voltage Vab by
almost nl2 rad and the current h will be in antiphase
with the current la as shown in Fig.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

This situation might be thought acceptable in some

applications because of the unlikelihood of such faults.
If this is not so, however, some form of memory action,
such as tuned circuits, could be included to ensure that
the voltages supplied to the relays will not collapse
suddenly when faults occur, but decay slowly, thus
enabling the relays to operate if necessary.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Pengaturan Relay

perate if necessary. It was stated in the previous section

that the number of directional relays needed at each
end of a scheme could be reduced from six to three by
so setting each of the relays that it will determine the
directions of both a phase to earth fault and an
interphase fault. As an example, a relay could be
supplied with inputs proportional to the 'c' phase
voltage and the 'a' phase current of a line.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Sinyal yang Saling Terkait

In the previous section, the phase displacements

between the currents and voltages associated with
transmission lines during short-circuit conditions were
considered and it was clear that the displacements
when faults occur within a protected zone are very
different to those encountered when faults are present
on or beyond the bus bar near the relaying position. As
a result, the angular operating zones of directional
relays can be set so that correct dis- crimination will
always be achieved for such conditions.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Sinyal yang Saling Terkait

Similar results would occur for faults at a point quarter

the way along a line, as is shown in Fig.

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 Fitur Skema Perlindungan Interlock
Sinyal yang Saling Terkait

It will be appreciated from the preceding sections that

several factors have to be considered when the
operating zones of directional relays are being selected
for particular applications. Because of their experience,
manufac- turers should be able to supply interlock
schemes which incorporate relays with settings which
will enable given lines to be adequately protected.

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Sinyal Interlocking
Permissive signalling

Under healthy conditions, current must be flowing out of one end of a protected line and a blocking signal could be
sent out continuously, and indeed such a signal would be required to prevent the directional relay at the other end of
the line from initiating the opening of its associated circuit-breaker. This is clearly undesirable because any interruption
of a blocking signal could cause the opening of a circuit-breaker. For this and other reasons which are considered later,
current-operated starting relays must be included in interlock schemes which use this type of signalling. These
considerations have been based on schemes with a single directional relay at each end of a protected zone. Most
schemes do, however, have several relays at each end. In these cases permissive signals must be sent when any
directional relay detects current flowing into its end, whereas, when blocking signals are employed, a signal must only
be sent when all the directional relays at an end detect currents leaving the protected zone.

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 Starting Relays
Blocking Signalling

When this method of signalling is used it is

imperative that the directional relays at the end of a
line to which a signal is being sent should not be
allowed to initiate the tripping of their associated
circuit-breaker at a current level.

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Signalling Channels
Interconnecting Conductors (pilot wires)

Signals may clearly be sent over pilot wires specially provided for the purpose. This practice may be thought
desirable when major lines are to be protected and in such cases a relay or electronic circuitry may be used to
detect the arrival of signals and then tripping of the circuit-breaker at the receiving end will be either allowed or
prevented depending on the type of signalling being employed. When less important lines are to be protected,
signalling may be effected over conductors used for telephony. In such cases, operation of starting relays must cause
the conductors to be available for the transmission of interlocking signals if necessary. This requires special
arrangements with the telephone company so that transmission is always available within an acceptable time delay.

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 Signalling Channels
The conductors of protected lines

When a scheme depends on blocking signals to

obtain stability, correct operation will be obtained
when faults occur on circuits connected to the line it
protects, i.e. external faults, because the signals will
be transmitted satisfac- torily over the line. In the
event of faults occurring on the protected line,
blocking signals are not required and therefore the
presence of the faults in the signalling channel is of
no consequence.

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Signalling Channels
Optical-fibre links

Optical-fibre links are now employed for the transmission of interlocking signals, and because such links are separate
from the conductors of lines being protected, they are not directly affected by system faults. Both permissive and
blocking signals can therefore be sent over these links. Again, reliable power supplies must be provided for the
equipment associated with this method of signalling.

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Signalling Channels
Microwave links

Line-of-sight communication links may be established using

microwave sig- nals at frequencies ranging from 1 to 10

GHz. Such links can rarely be justified for protective

purposes alone and thus when they are used they perform

a number of protection, monitoring and control functions.

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 Modern schemes

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 The Phase Displacements of Line Currents

signals at each end with the arrangement described. In

addition, if the outputs of the sequence networks have
to reach a particu- lar positive level before signals are
generated and transmitted, then the dura- tions of
each of the high frequency signals will be less than the
half period of the power system quantities, as shown in
Fig. 10.15. As a result there will be short breaks each
half cycle in the signals fed to the receivers at each end
of a scheme and these breaks will be longer the lower
the outputs of the sequence networks, i.e. the effect
will be more pronounced the lower the current flowing
in the line.

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 The Phase Displacements of Line Currents

end when the network output was positive whilst signals

would be sent from the other end when the
corresponding output was negative.

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 Telephase Protective Schemes

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 Telephase Protective Schemes

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 Telephase Protective Schemes

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 Telephase Protective Schemes

Many of the faults which occur on overhead lines are caused by

flashovers between phase conductors or between one or more
of the phase conductors and earthed metal or the ground. After
the initial breakdown quite large currents flow in the arcs which
are formed and considerable ionization is produced. Such
conditions cannot be allowed to persist and they must therefore
be detected by protective equipment which will initiate the
qpening of the cir- cuit-breakers associated with the faulted
line. Clearly the arc or arcs will extinguish after the line is de-
energized and the ionized products will then disperse. As a
result, the line could be fe-energized after a certain period,
which is termed the dead time.

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Terima Kasih

Designed and edited by : Fikri Fatwa Ulhuda