Chapter Earthquake Issues

Dr Jorge A. Prieto-S, MSc, PhD, PEng

EAFIT, 2016

2016
2 LIQUEFACTION
3 LIQUEFACTION
4 LIQUEFACTION
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LIQUEFACTION Cyclic Triaxial

Repetitive
Vertical
load
 LIQUEFACTION
9  𝜎 0=𝜎 ´ 0 +𝑢0
Static condition, no earthquake (depending on permeability)
 
  ,
Dynamic condition, Earthquake (depending on permeability, density)
 
 
 
 

The Effective stresses Decrease, in Undrained Condition!

Significant in loose sands. This decreases Friction, and can
Cause failure, that is liquefaction.
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Based on a conference prepared by Brandenberg, Boulanger and Ashford for the
Vancouver Geotechnical Society in June 2013.
In areas of seismic hazard:

 Evaluate the potential for liquefaction and associated ground displacements.

 Asses inertia loading that would occur in the absence of liquefaction.

 Asses lateral spreading and inertia demands that would occur if liquefaction is
triggered.
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In areas of seismic hazard:

Geotechnical engineer should review:
 Instability of a slope or embankment due to shear strength loss in liquefied zones
(a.k.a., flow failure).
 Inertia-driven horizontal displacement of level of mildly sloping ground (a.k.a.,
ground oscillation or lateral spreading).
 Settlements due to one-dimensional reconsolidation of liquefied soils, settlements
of structures resting atop liquefied soils, and settlements of piles due to loss of
bearing capacity and liquefaction-induced downdrag.
Use of the Residual strength for those sites with factors of safety
< 1.1
 General Earthquake comments
In areas of seismic hazard:
Methods to Calculate
14
 Liquefaction analysis, Factors of safety against liquefaction,
CPT and SPT, based liquefaction triggering procedures, Boulanger and Iddriss,
Report, UCD/CGM-14-01, University of California at Davis (2014)
 Instability of a slope or embankment due to shear strength loss in liquefied zones
(a.k.a., flow failure).
Slopes Displacements using Bray and Travasarou (2007)
 Inertia-driven horizontal displacement of level of mildly sloping ground (a.k.a.,
ground oscillation or lateral spreading).
Lateral Spreading using Youd, Hansen and Barlett (2002)
 Settlements due to one-dimensional reconsolidation of liquefied soils, settlements
of structures resting atop liquefied soils, and settlements of piles due to loss of
bearing capacity and liquefaction-induced downdrag.
Use of the Residual strength for those sites with factors of safety
< 1.1
post liquefaction volumetric strains, Zhang et al (2002)
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Liquefaction Potentia:

1. Assess cyclic Shear Stresses or stress ratios, CSR

Depend on Design Earthquake

2. Asses cyclic Resistance or Cyclic resistance ratios, CRR

Depend on shear friction of materials, two common methods using
Field results:
-SPT
-CPT

Factor of Safety against liquefaction: CRR/CSR

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Slopes Displacements using Bray and Travasarou (2007)

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Slopes Displacements using Bray and Travasarou (2007)
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Slopes Displacements using Bray and Travasarou (2007)
Ky= Critical, yield, acceleration

M= Moment magnitude

T= Natural Period of the sliding mass.

Initial Ts= 4H/Vs
Degraded Period = 1.5 Ts
S (1.5Ts) = Spectral response acceleration of the slope
= F*Sa(1.5Ts)
F amplification factor and Sa is spectral acceleration for soil
Type C
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P-Y behavior
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In nonliquefied crust, take minimum of log spiral passive pressure on cap plus
individual contributions of piles, or Rankine passive over full crust thickness.
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P-y Behavior near Layer Interfaces

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Keep in Mind:

Total settlements are the sum of:

Elastic settlements
+
Primary consolidation settlements
+
Secondary consolidation setlements
+
Liquefaction (Earthquake settlements)