DANCE AND

LITERATURE
 DANCE AS AN
ART
Dance is a rhythmic and expressive
movement of the body in successive
movement usually accompanied by music.
It has been said to be the mother of the
arts, for it’s the oldest of the art which
actually reflects man’s age old need to
communicate different emotions such as
joy, grief, excitement and others.
•Dance simply started as man’s own life for
almost all occasions, in whatever aspects, as
birth, death, healing of the sick, asking for
forgiveness, war, marriage – were celebrated by
dancing.
•There are dances that express thankfulness for
a good harvest, in celebration of religious
festivities, or just a mere pleasurable
expression of the body. It uniquely intensifies
different moods and emotions that somehow
deepen everybody’s feelings.
 REASONS WHY DO PEOPLE
DANCE

• It has been used in worship.

• It plays a role in courtship.
• It serves as a form of acquaintance
for a man and woman.
• It is an expression of the joy one
feels.
• As in old times, it brings magical
powers to people.
 REASONS WHY DO PEOPLE
DANCE

• It brings victory or somehow restores

health to life.
• It even breaks the monotony of the daily
activities.
• It serves to entertain others.
• It gives beauty and inspiration to others.
• It provides personal and effectiveness of
communication.
 SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF THE
DANCE AS AN FORM

Two kinds of movement

1.Movement within the body

which includes the hand and
arms.

2.Movement from one space to

another.
 Features of Dance

1.MUSIC – It is closely related to dance for it

plays a significant role in it. It is used
as accompaniment that somehow
motivates the dancer’s movement.
2.MOVEMENT – It refers to action of
dances with the use of their bodies to
create organized patterns.
3.THEME – It pertains to the content or main
ingredient of the dance. It actually conveys
the message of the dance.
 Features of Dance

4. TECHNIQUES - It refers to the skill in executing

movement. As a dancer, one needs to have a complete
control over the muscles of his body for him to be said
technically proficient.
5. DESIGN – It refers to the arrangement of movements
according to pattern in
time (either fast or slow) and space (one’s position in
relation to his background).
 Features of Dance

6. PROPERTIES AND COSTUME – These contribute to

the visual effect of dance.
The costumes can somehow relate closely to the
beliefs and environment of
people.
 KINDS OF DANCE

1.ETHNOLOGIC DANCE – This is a dance that is

indigenous to a certain race or country. The
term ethnic is used to distinguish religious
dances, and designed as hymns of praise to a
god, or to bring on good fortune in peace and
war. They are symbolic in meaning that can’t
be understood easily by persons who don’t
belong to the ethnic group.
 KINDS OF DANCE

2. SOCIAL DANCE – These are popular type of

dancing for pleasure as generally performed
by pairs or group of people following a definite
step or pattern. Most of these have specific
rhythms and coordinated with the movement
and steps of the body, hand, foot and head.
 KINDS OF DANCE

a. BALLROOM DANCE – It actually originated

as square dance which was followed by
waltz, tango, foxtrot, swing, etc.
b.FOLK DANCE – It usually derived from
ethnic dances. People all over the world
have their own folk dances as distinct to their
specific culture.
 KINDS OF DANCE

4. SPECTACULAR OR THEATRICAL DANCE –

These are dances which are intended for
viewing audience. Usually, these are
performed for the entertainment of
spectators.
 KINDS OF DANCE

a. BALLET – It’s the ultimate expression of art in

dance which originated in the royal courts during the
middle ages. The term ballet refers to series of solo
and converted dances with poses and steps
combined with light flowing figures, music
accompaniment and expressive scenic accessories of
a dramatic atmosphere. The movement of the dance
is subject to definite discipline of the body, hands,
legs and others. Usually a ballet includes staging,
scenery, costumes dancing and music; but no singing
and dialogue.
 KINDS OF DANCE

b. MODERN DANCE – It is often characterized

as something natural and free. It is also been
called as expressional dance. This dance
emerged as a form of a revolt against the
strictness governing the old forms of dance. It
has varied styles of movements based on the
new trend; therefore, it doesn’t stick to
conventions. The major emphasis of this dance
is on the expression through the dancer’s
execution.
 LITERATURE AS AN
ART
• Literature is the total of preserved
writings belonging to a given language
or people.
• Literature consists of those writings
which interpret the meanings of nature
and life, in words of charm and power,
touched with the personality of the
author, in artistic forms of permanent
interests.
CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
• Imaginative literature or “literature of power”
includes poems, short stories, novels, and
plays. It interprets human experience by
presenting fictitious persons, incidents, or
situations, not by actual truths about particular
events.
• Non-fiction or “literature of knowledge”
includes biographies and essays which
presents actual facts, events, experiences
and ideas.
Main ingredients of Literature

• Subject
• Form
• Point of view
Literary Types or Genre

• Poetry
• Fiction
• Essay
• Drama
Literary Standards

• Artistry
• Intellectual value
• Suggestiveness
• Spiritual value
• Permanence
• Universality
• Style
POEM

• It is a rhythmic imaginative language

expressing the invention, thought,
imagination, taste, passion, and insight of
the human soul.
• A poem is formed by means of verses
that are arranged into a stanza or
stanzas, and that are regulated in flow
by meter and rhyme.
Characteristics of Poetry

• Rhythm
1. Meter
2. Rhyme
3. Sound devices
• Imagery
1. Figures of speech
2. Symbols
• Sense or meaning
• Verse – it is a single line of a poem. It
may come short or long but whatever, it
serves as a basic unit of stanza
• Stanza – it is a set of verses arranged
to make a part of a poem or to serve as
the poem itself.
Stanza may be…
• A couplet
• A tercet
• A quatrain
• A cinquain
• A sonnet which consists of fourteen
lines
• A haiku which consists of three verses made
up of seventeen syllables, with the first and
third verses with five syllables. The pattern is
5-7-5.
Couplet

I shall haunt you, O my lost one, as the twilight

Haunts a reed-entangled trail,

“To A Lost One”

by Angela Manalang
Gloria
Tercet

Who’er she be,

That not impossible she
That shall command my
heart and me

“Wishes for the

(Supposed) Mistress”
by

Richar
Quatrain
Gather ye rose-buds while you may
Old time is still a-flying:
And this same flower that smiles to-day,
Tomorrow will be dying

“To the Virgins, to Make Much of

Time”
by

Robert
Herrick
Cinquain
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I –
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.

“The Road Not Taken”

by Robert Frost
Sonnet
Let me not to the marriage of true
minds Admit impediments, love is not
love Which alters when it alteration
finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove.
O no, it is an ever fixèd mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wand'ring bark,
Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken.
Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come,
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom:
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever
loved.
Haiku

In the flood afloat

Form a boy’s notebook, a page
Now a paper boat
“Paper Boat”
by G. Burce
Bunao
Meter
• Meter means measure. It poetry,
the verses are measured in
foot, a measurement that is
either disyllabic or trisyllabic
long. A disyllabic foot is two
syllables long while a trisyllabic
foot is three syllables long.
Disyllabic foot
• The iamb – is a foot composed of
one unaccented syllable followed
by one accented syllable.

Example:
x / x / x / /
x

/Thy glance/ sweet maid/ when first/ we met

Disyllabic foot
• The trochee – is a foot composed
of one accented syllable followed
by one unaccented syllable.

Example:
/ x / x / x / x

/Spin him/ round and/ send him/ flying

Disyllabic foot
• The spondee – is a foot of two
accented syllables. In a verse, it
comes in combination with other foot
as it is rare that one verse would
contain all accented syllables.

Example:
/ / x / x / x /
/Heighho/ the tale/ was all/ a lie
Trisyllabic foot
• The dactyl – is a foot of one
accented syllable followed by two
unaccented.

Example:
/ x x / x x

/Boldly they/ fought and well

Trisyllabic foot
• The anapest – is a foot of two
unaccented syllables followed by
one accented.

Example:
x x / x x / x x /

/And the sound/ of a voice/ that is still

• Verse differ in one another in the
number of feet they contain. If a
verse has one foot, it is called a
monometer line; it it has two
feet, a dimeter line; if it has three
feet, a trimeter line; if it has four
feet, a tetrameter line; and if it has
five feet, a pentameter line.
 / x x / x x

/Boldly they/ fought and well/

• Being a line of two feet is a

dimeter line and because each
foot is a dactyl, the line is called
a dactylic dimeter line
 x / x / x / x /

/Thy glance/ sweet maid/ when first/ we met/

• Being a line of four feet is a

tetrameter line and because each
foot is an iamb, the line is called
a iambic tetrameter line
The Rhyme
• The identity of the sound at the
end of the lines is called an
end rhyme and this may be
single or masculine end rhyme
or double or feminine end
rhyme
The Rhyme

• There is a single or masculine rhyme

when the last pronounced syllable of
one line and the last pronounced
syllable of another line are identical.
And there is double or feminine rhyme
when the last two pronounced
syllables of one line and the last two
syllables of another line are the same.
She holds no joys beyond the day’s tomorrow,
She finds no worlds beyond his arms embrace,
She looks upon the Form behind the furrow
Who is her Mind, her Motion, Time, and Space

“The Spouse”
by Luis
Dato
Green – double (feminine rhyme)
Red – single (masculine rhyme)
Kinds of poetry

• Lyric poetry
1. Simple lyric
2. Song (sacred or secular)
3. Sonnet
4. Elegy
5. Ode
• Narrative poetry
1. Ballad (folk and literary)
2. Metrical Tale
3. Metrical Romance
4. Epic
• Dramatic poetry
1. Dramatic monologue
2. Soliloquy
3. Character sketch
Non-fiction
• Essay
1. Formal
2. Informal
• Oration
• Biography
• Autobiography, memoirs, letters and
epistles, diaries and journals

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Elements of SHORT STORY
1. PLOT

The sequential arrangement of related events

and actions of which the story is composed.
The series of such events start from
exposition, moves on to complication to the
turning point of the story, and finally to the
resolution which leads to the denouement
and ending.
2. CAHARACTERS

Refers to people or animals that take part in

the events in a story. Characterization can be
Direct or Indirect.
3. POINT OF VIEW

Refers to the manner in which the story is

told. It indicates from whose perspective the
events in the story is relayed to its reader.
Through point of view, the author or narrator
allows us to see what he wants to see and
obstruct from our view what he wants hidden.
4. SETTING

Could be a locale or place where the event or

action took place; or a feeling that invites
meaning. Its function is to lend an idea, as a
symbol, as an atmosphere and as a motivate
force of the story.
5. THEME

Refers to the message communicated by the

story. It is the unifying generalization about
life stated or implied by the story. Subordinate
theme called motifs.
 6. IRONY
A contrast among what seems and what is and
could be.
Dramatic – a contrast between what the fictional
character says, and what the audience or reader
knows in the same words.
Situational – a contrast between expectation and
result; intention and outcome; illusion and reality.
Verbal – a contrast between what is said and what
is meant; what is said is the opposite of what is
intended; often a vehicle of sarcasm, sadness or
affection.
7. SYMBOLISM

Refers to something that is more than what it

is in reality. Symbols are objects, persons,
situations, actions, and all recognizable things
or items that suggest other meanings. Thus, a
symbol must carry a double meaning, that is,
it denotes something real.
8. STYLE

Implies control of material through the precise

use of literary and figurative languages. It may
also refer to the total carrying out of the short
story, taking all other elements into
consideration.
ESSAY
Essay is a literary composition on a particular
subject. It is usually short and expresses the
author’s personal thoughts, feelings,
experiences, or observation on a phase of life
that has interested him. Biography, history,
travel, art, nature, personal life and criticism
are among the innumerable subjects of essay.
Can be formal or informal.
Elements

1. The issue introduced. This refers to the

subject matter around which the essay will
revolve.
2. The writer’s view point and point. The final
stand of the author on the issue he has
discussed.
3. The relevance of the issue to the life of the
reader. This refers to the value of the
material to the reader and his perception
and response to it.