Biopharmaceutics-RED PACOP

Biopharmaceutics
RED PACOP
Submitted by:
Janine Aliza B. Birog
PH4A2-1
Submitted to:
Mr. Renato I.Dalmacio
1.This corresponds to the time required for
a drug to reach the a minimum effective
concentration (MEC)
A.onset of action
B.intensity
C.duration od action
D. Cmax
E.AUC
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. onset of action
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al., Applied
Biopharmaceutics and
pharmacokinetics,2005,5th edition,p.6
2.It is the delivery of the active
pharmaceutical ingredients from a dosage
form into solution
A. Dissolution
B. Absorption
C. Liberation
D. Permeation
E.Disposition
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Liberation
REFERENCE:
Ritschel WA,Handbook of Basic
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th edition,p.6
3. How much of a 500 mg dose is
bioavailable if the administered drug has F
of 75%
A.a. 500 mg d.50 mg
B.b.375 mg e. 5 mg
C.c. 125 mg
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.(500mg x 0.75)
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al., Applied Biopharmaceutics
and pharmacokinetics,2005,5th
edition,p.458
4. Which of the following is the major
process of absorption for most drugs?
A.Passive Diffusion
B. Active transport
C. Facilitated Diffusion
D. Vesicular transport
E. Convective transport
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.Passive Diffusion
REFERENCE:
edition,p.376
5. For most drugs, which part of the
gastrointestinal tract is the optimum site
for drug absorption after the oral
administration?
A.Buccal cavity
B.stomach
C.duodenum
D. jejunum
E.colon
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. duodenum
REFERENCE:
edition,p.386
6. Which of the following can increase
gastric emptying rate?
A. administration of metoclopramide
B. vigorous exercise
C. cold beverages
D. lying in the left side
E.consumption of high fat meal
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. administration of metoclopramide
REFERENCE:
edition,p.388-389
7. Route of administration in which the drug
(in lotion, ointment, cream, paste, or
patch) is placed on the skin for systemic
absorption
A.Topical
B.intracutaneous
C. Transdermal
D. Buccal
E. epidermal
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Transdermal
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al., Applied Biopharmaceutics and
8. Metered dose aerosols are examples of
which route of administration?
A.intranasal
B.inhalational
C.alveolar
D.peroral
E.respiratory
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. inhalational
REFERENCE:
edition,p.86
9. Which of the following routes of
administration has/have no first-pass
effect
I. buccal
II. sublingual
III. oral
IV. rectal
a. I only
b. II only
c. I & II
d.III only
e. I, II and IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
e. I, II and IV
REFERENCE:
edition,p.85-86
10. Which of the following is the plasma
level time curve of an open intravascular
two-compartment model
CORRRECT ANSWER:
D.
REFERENCE:
11. If the AUC for the Phenobarbital
administered orally by tablet is 6.5 mcg/mL
x hr and the AUC for the Phenobarbital
solution can give the same dose and
route is 8.4 mcg/mL calculate the relative
bioavailability of the drug.
a. 129.23% d. 56. 38%
b. 100% e. 43.62%
c. 77.38%
CORRRECT ANSWER:
C.77.38%
REFERENCE:
edition,p.458
12. This is the process by which a solid drug
substance becomes dissolved in a solvent
A. Liberation
B. Disintegration
C. Gastric Emptying
D.Dissolution
E.Dispersion
CORRRECT ANSWER:
D. Dissolution
REFERENCE:
edition,p.414
13.For most conventional solid drug
products, which of the following is the rate
limiting step for bioavailability?
A.Liberation
B.Disintegration
C.Solubility
D.Dissolution
E.Attrition
CORRRECT ANSWER:
B. Dissolution
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al.,Comprehensive Pharmacy
Review,2007,5th edition ,p.89
14. These products are the first ones to be
patented or granted certain exclusivities
A.generic medicines
B. innovator products
C. multi source drug products
D. market leader
E. reference
CORRRECT ANSWER:
B. innovator products
REFERENCE:
and pharmacokinetics,2005,5th edition,p.453
15. Which of the following products are considered
to be pharmaceutical equivalents?
A. Mefenamic acid 250 mg cap & mefenamic acid
500 mg cap
B. amlodipine besylate (innovator) 10 mg tab &
amlodipine besylate (generic) 10 mg tab
C. amoxicillin 500 mg cap & amoxicillin 250 mg/mL
susp.
D.Clindamycin HCl 300 mg cap & clindamycin
phosphate 150 mg/mL amp x 4 mL
E. Paracetamol (Brand A) 500 mg tab &
paracetamol (Brand B) 500 mg cap
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. amlodipine besylate (innovator) 10 mg
tab & amlodipine besylate (generic) 10 mg
tab
REFERENCE:
edition,p.455
16. Which of the following drug products are
considered to be pharmaceutical
alternatives?
A.cephalexin 500 mg cap & cefalexin 500 mg
cap
B.propranolol 10 mg tab (branded) &
propranolol 10 mg tab (unbranded)
C.nifedipine 5 mg cap & nifedipine 20 mg mg
GITS tab
D.ranitidine HCl (local) 150 mg tab & ranitidine
HCl (imported) 150 mg tab
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. nifedipine 5 mg cap & nifedipine 20 mg
mg GITS tab
REFERENCE:
edition,p.455
17. This describes the passive diffusion of
the drugs across the gastrointestinal blood
barrier
A.Fick’s First law
B.Noye’s-Whitney equation
C.Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
D.Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
E.Raoult’s law
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Fick’s First law
Reference:
Aulton ,ME ,Pharmaceutics:The Design and
Manufacture of Medicines ,2007,3rd edition
,p. 280
18. Bioequivalence can be assessed using which of
the following methods?
I. in vivo pharmacokinetics studies involving plasma
or urine drug concentrations as a function of time
II. in vivo pharmacodynamic studies
III. comparative clinical trials
IV. comparative in vitro studies
A.a.I only
B.b. I,II
C.c. III only
D.d. I to II
E.e. I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. I to IV
REFERENCE:
edition,p.460
19.Among the following oral drug
formulation, which is considered to be the
most bioavailable?
A.Solution
B.Suspension
C.Emulsion
D.Powder
E.Granule
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Solution
REFERENCE:
edition,p.89
20. Dispensing ibuprofen instead of
naproxen is an example of:
A.generic dispensing
B.pharmaceutical substitution
C.pharmaceutical equivalence
D. therapeutic equivalence
E. therapeutic substitution
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. therapeutic substitution
REFERENCE:
edition,p.456
21. A drug has high solubility but low
permeability may be classified based on
the Biopharmaceutics classification system
as:
• Class 1
• Class 2
• Class 3
• Class 4
• Class 5
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Class 3
REFERENCE:
edition,p.483
22. Which of the following physicochemical
properties of a drug will result to a faster
dissolution rate?
a. small surface area
b. unionized form
c. high partition coefficient
d. amorphous form
e. large particle size
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. amorphous form
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al., Comprehensive Pharmacy
Review,2007,6th edition ,p.87-88
23. in the BCS class the drug dissolves
rapidly and is well absorbed and
bioavailability problem is not expected for
immediate-release drug products
A.Class 1
B.Class 2
C.Class 3
D.Class 4
E.Class 5
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Class 1
REFERENCE:
edition,p.483
24. Enteric coating used to:
I. mask the taste or odor of a drug
II. minimize irritation of gastric mucosa by the drug
III. protect the drug from moisture, light, air
IV. prevent inactivation or degradation of the drug in
the stomach
V. delay the release of the drug until the dosage from
the reaches the small intestine, where the condition
for absorption may be optimal
A.I & II
B.II & IV
C.V only
D.II, IV & V
E.I to V
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.II, IV & V
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al., Comprehensive Pharmacy
Review,2007,6th edition ,p.91
25. This is an indication of the lipid solubility
of a drug and its likelihood of being
transported acroos membrane.
A. polymorphism
B.permeability
C.pH
D.pKa
E.partition coefficient
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Partition coefficient
REFERENCE:
,p. 294
26. This refers to the systemic availability of
a drug after extravascular administration
compared to IV dosing.
A.bioavailability
B.bioequivalence
C.relative bioavailability
D.absolute bioavailability
E.therapeutic equivalence
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. absolute bioavailability
REFERENCE:
27. Parameters used to assess bioavailability/
biotaquivalence using plasma drug
concentration
A.tmax, Cmax
B.tmax, Cmax, AUC
C.tmax, Emax
D.t, Du
E.t,Du dDu /dt
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. tmax, Cmax, AUC.
REFERENCE:
edition,p.460-461
28.Durgs given by this route of
administration are considered to be 100%
bioavailable
A.Oral
B.Sublingual
C.Intravenous
D.Subcutaneous
E.intramuscular
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Intravenous
REFERENCE:
,p. 267
29. Which of the following is NOT an
extended-release drug product?
A. sustained release capsule
B. enteric-coated tablet
C. slow-release tablet
D. prolonged-action drug product
E. repeat-action tablet
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. enteric-coated tablet
REFERENCE:
edition,p.515-516
30.This term is applied to a regulatory
approval process in which an application is
approved based on experience of
equivalence of a generic drug
bioequivalence/in vivo equivalence testing.
a. dossier
b. abbreviated new drug application (ANDA)
c. in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC)
d. biowaiver
e. clinical trials
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. biowaiver
REFERENCE:
World Health Organization,WHO Technical
Report Series No.937.”Annex 7:Multisource
(generic )Pharmaceutical products
:guidelines on registration requirements to
establihment interchangeability.”2006,p.350
31. This refers to the trade name of the drug
product which is privately qwned by the
manufacturer or distributor and is used to
distinguish is the specific drug product
from those of competitors.
A.a. generic name
B.b. chemical name
C.c. brand name
D.d. market name
E.e. INN
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. brand name
REFERENCE:
32. In the generalized plasma level time
curve shown below, which letter
corresponds to the intensity of action?
A. A
B. B
In C
C. C
D. Market name
E. INN
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.
REFERENCE:
33. Pharmaceutical Equivalents are drug products
that have the same
I. active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)
II. chemical form of the API
III. dosage form
IV. dosage strength
V. route of administration
VI. standards of identity, strength, quality and purity
A.I,II
B.II,III, IV
C.I, II, III
D.I to V
E. I to VI
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.I to VI
REFERENCE:
edition,p.455
34. This reference identifies drug products
approved on the basis of safety and
effectiveness by the US FDA and contains
therapeutic equivalence evaluation for
approved multisource prescription drug
products
A.USP/NF
B.Orange book
C.PNDF
D.Essential Drug list
E.International pharmacopeia
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Orange Book
REFERENCE:
edition,p.453
• 35. Which of the following methods is used
to determine AUC?
• a.feathering d.analysis of variance
(ANOVA)
• b. back-extrapolation e. two one sided
test
• c. trapezoidal rule
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Trapezoidal rule
REFERENCE:
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th edition
,p.292;and Shargel L.et al., Applied
36. Pharmaceutical alternatives are products that
have the same
I. active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)
II. chemical form of the API
III. dosage form
IV. dosage strength
V. route of administration
VI. standards of identity, strength, quality and purity
A.I only
B.III, IV, V
C.I, III, IV
D. I, V
E. I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. I, V
REFERENCE:
edition,p.455
37.It refers to the unfinished dosage form that
contains the active drug ingrdient
,generally ,but not necessarily ,in association
with active ingredients.
A. formulation
B. therapeutic moiety
C. drug product
D. drug delivery system
E. reference drug list
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. drug product
REFERENCE:
edition,p.454
38.In the given plasma-level time curve
below ,identify the letter that corresponds
to the onset of action.
A. A
B. B
C. C In C
D.D
E.E
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. A
REFERENCE:
37. It refers to the finished dosage form that
contains the active drug ingredient
generally, but not necessarily in
association with inactive ingredients
A. formulation
B. therapeutic moiety
C. drug product
D. Drug delivery system
E. reference listed drug
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Drug product
REFERENCE:
edition,p.454
39. This must be filed by generic drug
manufacture for approval to market a
generic drug product
A.abbreviated new drug application (ANDA)
B.new drug application (NDA)
C.investigational new drug application
(INDA)
D.biowaiver
E.BA/BE study
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. abbreviated new drug application
(ANDA)
REFERENCE:
edition,p.454
40. The processes of drug metabolism and
excretion constitute
A. deposition
B.elimination
C.accumulation
D.biotransformation
E. clearance
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. elimination
REFERENCE:
edition,p.462
41. It is the term used to describe the
accidental fast release of drug from a
sustained release dosage form
A. liberation
B. steady state
C.dose dumping
D.flip flop model
E.first pass effect
CORRRECT ANSWER:
C.dose dumping
REFERENCE:
42. This is the rate and extent to which the
active pharmaceutical ingredient or active
moiety is absorbed from a drug product and
becomes available at the site of action
A. area under the curve (AUC)
B. maximum plasma drug concentration
(Cmax)
C. bioavailability
D. bioequivalence
E. therapeutic equivalence
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. bioavailability
REFERENCE:
edition,p.453-454
43. This is a measure of the quantity of the
drug in the body and ref;ects the total amount
of active drug that reaches the systemic
circulation.
(Cmax)
C. bioavailability
D. bioequivalence
E. therapeutic equivalence
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th edition
,p.292;and Shargel L.et al., Applied
44. This established when pharmaceutical
equivalents or alternatives display
comparable bioavailabilities when studied
under similar experimental conditions
(Cmax)
C. bioavailability
D. bioequivalence
E.therapeutic equivalence
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. bioequivalence
REFERENCE:
edition,p.454
45. Therapeutic equivalence is established when the drug
prosuct being compared are:
I. approved as safe and effective
II. pharmaceutical equivalents or alternatives
III. bioequivalent
IV. manufactured in compliance to cGMP
IV. adequately labeled
A.I only
B.III only
C.I, II, III
D. I to IV
E.I to V
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.I to V
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et al., Applied Biopharmaceutics and
pharmacokinetics,2005,5th edition,p.456;
Report Series No.937.”Annex 7:Multisource
(generic )Pharmaceutical products
:guidelines on registration requirements to
establihment interchangeability.”2006,p.352
46 To establish bioequivalence the
calculated confidence interval should fail
within the usually prescribed limit of ___
for the ratio of the product averages
A.50-100%
B.90-110%
C.80-120%
D. 95-100%
E. 80-125%
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. 80-125%
REFERENCE:
edition,p.474
47. Generally, two drug product formulations
whose rate and extent of absorption differ
by __% or less are considered
bioequivalent.
A. 50 D. 20
B.40 E. 10
C. 30
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. 20
REFERENCE:
edition,p.486
48. For drugs that have very poor aqueous
solubility the rate limiting step on drug
bioavailability is:
A.disintegration
B. dissolution
C. permeation
D. gastric emptying
E. disaggregation
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. dissolution
REFERENCE:
edition,p.413
49. Which of the following is NOT true?
A.The amorphous form of the drug generally
dissolves faster
B.Polymorphs have the same chemical
structures and physical properties
C.Some excipients are intentionally added to
delay drug absorption
D.smaller particles size increases
dissolution rate
E.a basic drug is more soluble in an acidic
medium
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Polymorphs have the same
chemical structures and physical
properties
REFERENCE:
edition,p.416-418
50. The tmax of a drug refers to its time:
A. of the fastest dissolution
B. to reach maximum drug concentration
C. of highest solubility
D. to reach maximum toxic concentration
E. of maximum effectiveness
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.to reach maximum drug
concentration
REFERENCE:
edition,p.460
51. In the LADMER system, R stands for?
A. Reabsorption D. Response
B. Recirculation E. Residence
C. Reactivation
CORRRECT ANSWER:
D. Response
REFERENCE:
52. It is the study of how the physicochemical
properties of a drug, dosage forms and route
s of administration affect the rate and extent
of drug absorption.
A. LADMER system D. Biopharmaceutics
B. Pharmaceutics E. Pharmacokinetics
C. Physical Pharmacy
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Biopharmaceutics
REFERENCE:
,p. 266
53. This is actual site of pharmacologic
action of drugs in the body
A. compartment D. cytosol
B. biophase E. plasma
C. cell membrane
CORRRECT ANSWER:
B. biophase
REFERENCE:
54. Which of the following absorption
mechanism operate along concentration
gradient?
I. passive diffusion II. Active transport
III. facilitiated diffusion IV, vesicular transport
A.I only
B.III only
C.I and III
D. II and IV
E.I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.I and III
REFERENCE:
edition,p.460
55. This is the fraction of an administered
dose of a drug that reaches the systemic
circulation in the unchanged form.
A. bioavailable dose D. dumped dose
B. loading dose E. oral dose
C. maintenance dose
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. bioavailable dose
REFERENCE:
,p. 267
56. a 125 mg/mL drug suspension
decompose with a zero order rate constant
of 0.5 mg/mL/hr. What is the concentration
of the active drug remaining after 3 days
A. 125 D. 89
B. 123.5 E. 62
C. 100
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.89
REFERENCE:
edition,p.43
57.In the generalized plasma level –time curve
given below ,what corresponds to the broken
line E.
A.Maximum drug concentration
(Cmax)
A.Onset of action
B.Minimum effective concentration(MEC)
C.Duration of action
D.Intensity
58. Example of a targeted drug delivery
system
A.osmotic pumps
B.enteric-coated tablets
C.liposomes
D.cyclodextrins
E.implants
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.liposomes
REFERENCE:
Shargel L.et.al .,Comprehensive Pharmacy
review ,2007,6th edition,pp.91-92
59. This concept views the cell membrane as
being composed of a non-rigid lipid matrix
with which are associated relatively mobile
protein masses that penetrate wholly or
partially through the lipid layer
A.lipid bilayer model
B.phospolipid matrix theory
C.lipoprotein compartment
D.fluid mosaic
E.unit membrane
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. fluid mosaic
REFERENCE:
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th
edition,p.34;and Shargel L.et al., Applied
pharmacokinetics,2005,5th edition,p.373-
375
60. This refers to the ability of a drug to exixt
in more than one crystalline form.
A.amphoterism
B.crystallization
C.polymorphism
D.ionization
E.complexation
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.polymorphism
REFERENCE:
review ,2007,6th edition,pp.88
61. Dissolution rate differ for hydrated and
anhydrous forms of a drug however, the most
usual situation is:
A.the anhydrous form dissolves faster
B.the hydrated form dissolves faster
C.the anhydrous and hydrated forms have equal
dissolution rates
D.the hydrated form has no effect on dissolution
E.the anhydrous form has no effect on dissolution
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.the anhydrous form dissolves faster
REFERENCE:
review ,2007,6th edition,pp.88; and Aulton
,ME, pharmaceutics: The Design and
Manufacture ,2007, 3rd edition,p.114
62. Equivalence are not necessary for which of the
following products
I. Parenteral aqueous solution
II. Pharmaceutically equivalent oral solutions
III. pharmaceutically equivalents topical solutions
IV. products containing drugs with narrow therapeutic
indices
A. I only
B. IV only
C.II and III
D.I to III
E. I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.I and III
REFERENCE:
Report Series No.937. “Annex 7:
Multisource (generic) pharmaceutical
products:guidelines on registration
requirements to establish
interchangeability.”2006,pp.353-354
63. Which of the following transport
mechanism does not require a drug to be
in aqueous solution in order to be
absorbed?
A.passive diffusion
B.convective transport
C.carrier mediated transport
D.ion transport
E.vesicular transport
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Vesicular transport
REFERENCE:
64. These are added to a formulation to
provide certain functional properties to the
drug and dosage form
A.prodrugs
B.xenobiotics
C.probiotics
D.excipients
E.active ingredients
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. excipients
REFERENCE:
edition,p.418
65. The LADMER system is essential in the :
A. development of dosage forms
B. determinations of pharmacokinetic parameters
C. evaluation of bioavailability
D. adjustment of dosage regimen
E. all of the given choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
66. This is the most common and popular
route of the drug administration
A.oral
B.parenteral
C.rectal
D.buccal
E.topical
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.oral
REFERENCE:
edition,p.382
67. Which of the following is NOT an enteral
route of drug administration
A.sublingual
B.buccal
C.rectal
D.Peroral
E. None of the previous choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.None of the previous choices
REFERENCE:
review ,2007,6th edition,pp.85-86
68. Which of the following compounds may
be absorbed via convective transport?
A.Vitamin B12
B.inorganic and organic electrolytes with
molecular weights up to 400
C.most weal organic acids and bases
D.fats
E.quaternary ammonium compounds
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. inorganic and organic electrolytes
with molecular weights up to 400
REFERENCE:
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th edition,p.54-56
69. Determine the half-life of an
antihypertensive drug if it appears to be
eliminated from the body at a rate constant of
0.07 hour. Assume first order kinetics occurs.
A.12
B.9.9
C.7
D.4
E.1.5
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.9.9
REFERENCE:
edition,p.382
70. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. a cell membrane is a semipermeable structure
composed of lipids and proteins
B. Drugs bound to protein do not easily cross cell
membranes
C.Ionic or polar, water- soluble drugs cross cell
membrane more easily than do nonpolar, lipid soluble
drugs.
D.low molecular weights drugs diffuse across cell
membrane more easily than do high molecular weight
drugs
E. drugs may transported by passive diffusion, carrier-
mediated, paracellular or vesicular transports
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Ionic or polar, water- soluble drugs cross
cell membrane more easily than do
nonpolar, lipid soluble drugs.
REFERENCE:
71. Most drugs are:
A.strong electrolytes
B.non electrolytes
C.weak acids
D.weak bases
E.C and D
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.C and D
REFERENCE:
72. Which of the following is/are forms of
vesicular transport that differ by the type of
material ingested?
A.I only
B.III only
C.I and II
D.III and IV
E.I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. I and II
REFERENCE:
edition,p.382
73. the drug is injected into the spinal fluid
A.intraarticular
B.epidural
C.Intracranial
D.Intrathecal
E.intrasynovial
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.intrathecal
REFERENCE:
74. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of active transport?
A.drug moves along concentration
B.process requires expenditure of energy
C.requires a carrier
D.saturable at high drug concentration
E.process is subject to competition
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. drug moves along concentration
REFERENCE:
75. These are addition compounds of drugs
and organic solvents
A.hydrates
B.solvates
C.polymorphs
D.clathrates
E.chelates
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. solvates
REFERENCE:
76. Which of the following statements is false?
A.In general, salts of electrolytes dissolve faster than
the free acids or bases
B.the most stable polymorphs has the lowest
dissolution rate
C.Increasing amounts of binders in grabukes and
tablets prolong dissolution time.
D.Increasing amounts of lubricants shortens
dissolution time
E.particle size reduction is not a universal answer to
all drugs of low solubility
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Increasing amounts of lubricants shortens
dissolution time
REFERENCE:
77. The enormous surface are of the
gastrointestinal tract is due to presence of:
A.enzymes
B.microvilli
C.parietal cells
D.tight junctions
E.gastric pits
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.microvilli
REFERENCE:
78. In oral drug administration, the drug is
swallowed undergoes absorption from the
gastrointestinal tract through the
mesenteric circulation to the ___ into the
liver and then to the systemic circulation
A.hepatic portal vein
B.biliary duct
C.aorta
D.jugular vein
E.superior vena cava
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. hepatic portal vein
REFERENCE:
79. A condition in which the rate of drug
leaving the body is equal to the rate of
drug entering the body.
A.double-peak phenomenon
B.flip-flop model
C.first-pass effect
D.steady state
E.therapeutic window
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. steady state
REFERENCE:
edition,p.107
80. The route of drug administration that is
preffered when rapid absorption is
essential, when patients are inconscious
or unable to accept medications by mouth
or when drugs are destroted, inactivated
or poorly absorbed in the GIT.
A.peroral
B.sublingual
C.parenteral
D.Rectal
E.transdermal
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.parenteral
REFERENCE:
,p. 8
81. Type of parenteral administration in
which the drug is injected slowly into the
plasma at a constant or zero-order rate
A.IV push
B.IV bolus
C.IV infusion
D.IM
E.SQ
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. IV infusion
REFERENCE:
edition,p.107
82. The pharmacological effect of a drug
depends on the percentage of receptors
occupied
A.Lock and key hypothesis
B.Hypothesis of paton
C.Hypotheses of Ariens and Stephenson
D.Hypothesis of clark
E.Occupation theory
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Hypothesis of clark
REFERENCE:
83. the drug molecules is bound to the
surface of the skin or mucosa by ion-
binding, hydrogen-binding or van der
waals forces:
a. absorption
b. penetration
c. Adsorption
d.Permeation
e. leaching
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Adsorption
REFERENCE:
84. It describes the diffusion-controlled rate
of drug dissolution
A.Henderson-hasselbach equation
B.fick’s law of diffusion
C.Michaelis-menten equation
D.Noyes-whitney equation
E.Van slyke’s equation
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Noyes-whitney equation
REFERENCE:
85. which of the following parameters will
determine the degree of drug ionizations?
I. lipid/ water coefficient of the drug
II. pH at the absorption rate
III. pKa of the drug
A.I only
B.I and II
C.I and III
D.II and III
E.I,II and III
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.II and III
REFERENCE:
86. What is the minimum percent of drug
that must be in the nonionized form at the
small intestine in order to be absorbed via
passive diffusion
a. 0.1% to 1% d. 50% to 60%
b.1 to 5% e. 80% to 90%
c. 10 to 20%
CORRECT ANSWER:
a. 0.1% to 1%
REFERENCE:
87. The partition coefficient is a/an:
A. in vitro guide to the absorption potential of a
drug
B.measure of the relative affinity of a drug for
two immiscible phases
C.indicator for storage of drugs in fat
D.parameter of the relative rate of partitioning
from one phase into another
E.all of the given choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
88. This is the time from drug administration
to reach the minimum effective
concentration (MEC)
a. onset d. therapeutic window
b. intensity e.area under the
curve(AUC)
c. duration of action
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.onset
REFERENCE:
90. This refers to the drug concentration
range between the minimum effective
concentration (MEC) and the minimum
toxic concentration (MTC)
a. onset
b. intensity
c. duration of action
d. therapeutic window
e. area under curve
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. therapeutic window
REFERENCE:
91. This describes the relationship between
the ionized and the nonionized forms of a
drug as a function of pH and pKa.
a. Law of Multiple proportions
b. Nerst Distribution Law
c. Henderson-Hasselbatch equation
d. common-ion effect
e. partition coefficient
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Henderson-Hasselbatch equation
REFERENCE:
92. Which of the following is a common site
for IM injection?
a. gluteus medius
b. thigh e. ebdomen
c. Gastrocnemius
d. gluteus maximus
e. abdomen
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. a. gluteus medius
REFERENCE:
review ,2007,6th edition,p.566
93. It refers to the time for which the drug
concentration remains above the minimum
effective concentration (MEC)
a. duration of action d. Cmax
b. intensity e. onset
c. tmax
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. duration of action
REFERENCE:
94. Which of the following oil phases is most
commonly used in partition coefficient
determination?
a. chloroform d. mineral oil
b. cyclohexane e. octanol
c. isopropyl myristate
CORRECT ANSWER:
e. octanol
REFERENCE:
95. Maximum volume to be injected via the
intramuscular route:
a. 0.5 mL d. 5 mL
b. 1 mL e. 10 mL
c. 2 mL
CORRECT ANSWER:
d.5ml
REFERENCE:
96. This is the dose used in initiating therapy
so as to yield therapeutic concentration
which will result in clinical effectiveness
A. daily dose D. loading dose
B. first dose E. effective dose
C. prophylactic dose
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. loading dose
REFERENCE:
97. This is the dose required to maintain the
clinical effectiveness or therapeutic
concentration according to the dosage
regimen.
A. therapeutic dose D. priming dose
B. maintenance dose E. effective dose
C. steady-state dose
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. maintainance dose
REFERENCE:
98. Cmax represents the maximum drug
concentration obtained after oral
administration of a drug in the:
A. plasma D.feces
B. urine E. sweat
C. saliva
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. plasma
REFERENCE:
edition,p.461
99. This is an entity which can be described
by a definite volume and a concentration
of drug contained in that volume
A. biophase D. compartment
B. bulk phase E. depot phase
C. diffusion layer
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.compartment
REFERENCE:
100. Order reaction in which the
concentration of a drug is decreasing at a
rate that is proportional to the
concentration of the drug remaining:
A. zero D. third
B. first E. fourth
C. second
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.first
REFERENCE:
edition,p.44
101. Facilitated diffusion is similar to active
transport since it:
A.operates against concentration gradient
B.utilizes energy in the form of ATP
C.is carrier mediated
D.None of the choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.is carrier mediated
REFERENCE:
edition,p.379-380
102. Decreased particle size results to:
A. increased particle surface area
B. enhanced water penetration into particles
C. increased dissolution rate
D. none of the choices
E. all of the above
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. all of the above
REFERENCE:
edition,p.417
103. when drug is half ionized and half
nonionized at a certain pH, its pKa is:
A.greater than pH
B.less than pH
C.equal to pH
D.of no value
E.constant
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. equal to pH
REFERENCE:
104. This is obtained when the drug product
is administered at the site where the
pharmacological response is desired and
when the drug released from the products
acts by adsorption to the skin or mucosa,
but does not enter the systemic blood
circulations
A.systemic effect
B.local effect
C.therapeutic response
D.Biological response
E.dermal effect
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. local effect
REFERENCE:
105. This is obtained when the drug
released the drug product enters the
bloodstream and is distributed within the
body regardless of the site and route of
administration
A.systemic effect
B.local effect
C.therapeutic effect
D.biological response
E.dermal effect
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. systemic effect
REFERENCE:
106. This is the process with the slowest
rate constant in a system of simultaneous
kinetic processes.
A.zero-order kinetics
B.first-order kinetics
C.half-life
D.rate-limiting step
E.clearance
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. rate-limiting step
REFERENCE:
107. These are inactive substances that
must be biotransformed in the body to
metabolites that have pharmacologic
activity
A.xenobiotics
B.lead compounds
C.prodrugs
D.therapeutic moieties
E.orphan drugs
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.prodrugs
REFERENCE:
108. Reabsorption of drugs can occur in the
I. kidneys
II. liver
III. small intestines
A.I only
B.II only
C.III only
D. I and II
E.I and III
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.prodrugs
REFERENCE:
109. The form of the drug that is absorbed:
I. nonionized
II. ionized
III. lipid-soluble
IV. water-soluble
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and III
d. II and IV
e. I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. I and III
REFERENCE:
110. What is the % of ionized species of a
weak acid with a pKa of 4.2 in a urine pH
of 6.2?
a.0.1
b.1
c.10
d.90
e.99
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. 99
REFERENCE:
111. Which of the following is devoid of
clotting proteins?
blood
a.plasma
b.serum
c.both B and C
d.all of the given choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.serum
REFERENCE:
Marieb EN,Essentials of Human Anatomy
and Physiology,2002,6th edition,p.302
112. Drug entering the body does not instantly
distribute between the blood and those other
body fluids or tissues which it eventually
reaches
A.open one-compartment model
B.open two-compartment model
C.multi-million compartment model
D.central compartment
E.peripheral compartment
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. open two-compartment model
REFERENCE:
113. According to the Fick’s Law, the rate of
diffusion of a drug is:
A.independent of the concentration gradient
B.inversely proportional to the surface area of the
membrane
C.inversely proportional to the membrane thickness
D.inversely proportional to the partition coefficient of
the drug
E.independent of the diffusion coefficient of the drug
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. inversely proportional to the
membrane thickness
REFERENCE:
edition,p.376-377
115. Highly lipid soluble drugs are
predominantly distributed in which of the
following tissues?
A. bone
B. adipose
C. muscle
D. hepatic
E. renal
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. adipose
REFERENCE:
116. These are substances that have no
pharmacological properties of their own in the
concentration used, but which can improve
the penetration of drugs into the skin or
mucosa.
A.humectants
B.emollients
C.sorption promoters
D.wetting agents
E.solubilizers
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. sorption promoters
REFERENCE:
117. Absorption mechanism in which drug
molecules dissolved in aqueous medium at
the absorption site move along with the
solvent through membrane pores:
A.passive diffusion
B.active transport
C.facilitated diffusion
D.convective transport
E.ion-pair transport
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. convective transport
REFERENCE:
118.Which of the following absorption mechanisms
operate(s) against concentration gradient?
I. passive diffusion
II. facilitated diffusion
III. active transport
A.I only
B.II only
C.III only
D.I and II
E.II and III
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. III only
REFERENCE:
edition,p.379-380
119. Rate constants in pharmacokinetics are
usually:
A.zero-order
B.first-order
C.second-order
D.third-order
E.fourth-order
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. first-order
REFERENCE:
120. Cyancobalamin is a classical example
of a drug that is absorbed via:
A.convective transport
B.facilitated diffusion
C.vesicular transport
D.passive diffusion
E.ion-pair transport
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. facilitated diffusion
REFERENCE:
121. Which of the following is the correct rank order
(from the most bioavailable to the least) for the given
conventional oral formulations?
A. coated tablet> uncoated tablet> capsule> suspension>
solution
B. solution> suspension> capsule> coated tablet>
uncoated tablet
C.suspension> solution> uncoated tablet> coated tablet>
capsule
D.solution> suspension> capsule> uncoated tablet>
coated tablet
E. capsule> uncoated tablet> coated tablet> solution>
suspension
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. solution> suspension> capsule>
uncoated tablet> coated tablet
REFERENCE:
edition,p.296-300
122. Excipients are added to product
formulations to:
A.facilitate preparation
B.improve patient acceptability of the product
C.improve functioning of the dosage form as a
drug delivery system
D.all of the choices
E.none of the choices
123. An aqueous phase (pH 7.4 buffer) containing a
drug, was shaken with an oil phase (octanol) and the
mixture was then left to reach equilibrium. The two
phases were the separated and the concentration of
the drug in each phase was measured. The resulting
values were as follows: C octano = 18; C buffer = 2.
Based from the results, calculate the partition
coefficient of the drug.
A. 36
B. 20
C.16
D.9
E. 0.11
124. These are drugs in which the
pharmacological action is not directly
dependenmt on the chemical structure of the
drug.
A.structural nonspecific drugs
B.structural specific drugs
C.drug-receptor complexes
D.ligands
E.substrates
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. structural nonspecific drugs
REFERENCE:
125. If the volume of distribution of a drug in
an adult is approximately 5L, it means that
the drug is confines to the:
A.circulatory system
B.extracellular fluid
C.intracellular fluid
D.whole body fluid
E.deep tissues
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. circulatory system
REFERENCE:
126. Surfactants are used: in dosage forms
as:
A.emulsifying agents
B.solubilizing agents
C.suspending agnets
D.wetting agents
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
edition,p.302
127. Which of the following is/are
technique/s used to increase the aqueous
solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs?
A. cosolvency
B. complex formation
C. solubilization
D. all of the choices
E. none of the choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. none of the choices
REFERENCE:
edition,p.296
128. Which of the following is/are the effect/s of
food on the bioavailability of a drug from a
drug product?
A. delay in gastric emptying
B. stimulation of bile flow
C. physical or chemical interaction of the meal
with the drug product or drug substance
D. a change in the pH of the GIT
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
edition,p.391-392
129. In passive diffusion, the term passive
pertains to what characteristic of this
absorption mechanism?
A.moves along concentration gradient
B.a carrier mediated process
C.does not require the expenditure of energy
D.is subject to competition
E.has saturation point
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. is subject to competition
REFERENCE:
130. This is the loss of drug from the central
compartment due to transfer into other
compartments and/or elimination
A.absorption
B.distribution
C.penetration
D.disposition
E.permeation
CORRRECT ANSWER:
D. disposition
REFERENCE:
131. Which of the following is/are the equation/s of a
first-order reaction?
I. C= -k0 t + C0
II. In C= -kt + In C0
III. log C = -(k/2.3)t + log C0
IV. C = C0e –kt
A.I only
B.II only
C.III only
D.II to IV
E.I to IV
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. II to IV
REFERENCE:
pharmacokinetics,2005,5th edition,p.44-45
132. The half-life of a given drug is 6 hours.
How many half-lives have passed 24
hours after administration?
A.24
B.12
C.10
D.6
E.4
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. 4
REFERENCE:
133. Which of the following is NOT an extravascular route
of drug administration?
I. oral
II. rectal
III. intramuscular
IV. subcutaneous
V. intravenous
A. I only
B. V only
C.I and II
D.III to V
E. II to V
CORRRECT ANSWER:
B. V only
REFERENCE:
134. Which of the following processes
occurs mostly in the proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT)?
A.glomerular infiltration
B.tubular secretion
C.tubular reabsorption
D.both B and C
CORRRECT ANSWER:
B. tubular secretion
REFERENCE:
135. In order to excrete amphetamine more
quickly in the urine, which of the following
may be used intravenously?
A.urinary acidifier
B.urinary alkanizer
C.inulin
D.creatinine
E.all of the choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. urinary acidifier
REFERENCE:
136. If the AUC for an oral dose of a drug
administered by tablet is 4.5 mcg/mL/hr, and
the intravenous dose is 11.2 mcg/mL/hr,
calculate the absolute bioavailability (in %)
of the oral dose of the drug.
A. 2.5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 40
E. 62
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. 40
REFERENCES:
Ansel HC & Stoklosa MJ,Pharmaceutical
Calculations,2006,12th edition ,p.323
137. The normal glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) is:
A.125-130 mL/min
B.90-100 mL/min
C.60-90 mL/min
D.30-59 mL/min
E.,15 mL/min
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. 125-130 mL/min
REFERENCE:
138. A patient received a single intravenous
dose of 300mg of a drug substance that
produced an immediate blood concentration
of 8.2 mcg/mL. Calculate the volume of
distribution in liters(L).
A.36.6
B.27.3
C.20.5
D.10.6
E.8.7
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.36.6
REFERENCES:
Ansel HC & Stoklosa MJ,Pharmaceutical
Calculations,2006,12th edition ,p.323
139. The peripheral compartment is
subdivided into:
A.central compartment
B.shallow compartment
C.deep compartment
D.both A and B
E.both B and C
CORRRECT ANSWER:
E. both B and C
REFERENCE:
140. The bioavailability of a new investigational
drug was studied in 24 volunteers. Each
volunteer received either a single oral tablet
(200mg), 5ml of a pure aqueous solution (200mg)
or a single IV bolus injection (50mg). The average
AUC values are given below. From these data,
calculate the absolute bioavailability of the drug.
104%
A.59.2%
B. 56.9%
C. 42.2%
D.23.6%
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. 59.2%
REFERENCE:
141. If the volume of distribution exceeds
the body weight, it is assumed that the
drug is:
A.stored in body fat
B.bound to body tissues
C.distributed to deep tissues in peripheral
compartments
D.A and B
E.all of the above
CORRRECT ANSWER:
E. all of the above
REFERENCE:
142. If the half-life for decomposition of a
drug is 12 hours, compute for the first-
order rate constant.
A.0.693/hr
B.0.510/hr
C.0.267/hr
D.0.058/hr
E.0.012/hr
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. 0.058/hr
REFERENCE:
143. Vegetables and fruits, and diets rich in
carbohydrates result to a/an:
A.decrease in urinary pH
B.increase in urinary pH
C.increase GFR
D.decrease GFR
E.none of the choices
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. increase in urinary pH
REFERENCE:
144. The central compartment refers to the:
A.body fluids or tissues into which the drug
distributes slowly
B.compartment that is not accessible by blood
sampling
C.body fluids or tissues which are in equilibrium
with the circulatory system
D.both A and B
E.both B and C
CORRRECT ANSWER:
C. body fluids or tissues which are in
equilibrium with the circulatory system
REFERENCE:
145. The differences in bioavailabilities of
drug products may be due to:
A.physiological factors
B.drug factors
C.dosage from design
D.both B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
146. Which of the following is/are eliminated
in the body solely by filtration?
A.inulin
B.creatinine
C.electrolytes
D.both A and B
E.both B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. both A and B
REFERENCE:
147. A solution of a drug was freshly prepared
at a concentration of 300mg/ml. After 30 days
at 25°C, the drug concentration in the
solution was 75mg/mL. Assuming first-order
kinetics, when will the drug declineto one-half
of the original concentration?
A.0.046 day
B.0.5 day
C.7 days
D.10 days
E.15 days

CORRECT ANSWER:
E.15 days
REFERENCE:
148. This concept in pharmacokinetics is a
hypothetical structure which can be used to
characterize with reproducibility, the behavior and
the fate of a drug in biological systems when given
by a certain route of administration and in a
particular dosage form.
A.biophase
B.compartment
C.model
D.order
E.rate constant
CORRRECT ANSWER:
C.model
REFERENCE:
149. If the bioavailability of digoxin in a 0.25-
mg tablet is 0.60 compared to the
bioavailability of 0.75 in a digoxin elixir
(0.05mg/mL), calculate the dose (in mL) of
the elixir equivalent to the tablet.
A.0.0375
B.0.15
C.0.5
D.3
E.4
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. 4
REFERENCE:
Ansel HC & Stoklosa M.J,Pharmaceutical
calculations 2006,12th editionp.323
150. The concentration of a drug remaining
after 180 min was 5mg/dL from an initial
conc. of 60mg/dL. Compute for the first-order
rate constant.
A.0.001/min
B.0.02/min
C.0.0138/min
D.0.693/min
E.0.05/min
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. 0.0138/min
REFERENCE:
pharmacokinetics,2005,5th edition,p.44-45
151.In IV infusion ,it is essential to
administer the dose in order to
immediately reach the steady state.
A.Loading dose
B.Maintainance dose
C.Titered dose
D.Priming dose
E.Choices A and D
CORRRECT ANSWER:
E. Choices A and D
REFERENCE:
152.This is the dose used in initiating therapy
so as to yield therapeutic concentration which
will result in clinical effectiveness.
A.Loading dose
B.Priming dose
C.Initial dose
D.Choices A,B or C
E.NOTA
CORRRECT ANSWER:
D. Choices A,B or C
REFERENCE:
153.Passive diffusion follows
A.Noyes Whitney
B.Graham’s
C.Ficks
D.Hess
E.NOTA
CORRRECT ANSWER:
C.Fick’s
REFERENCE:
154.Cyanocobalamine can be absorbed
through this transport mechanism.
A.Passive Diffusion
B.Convective
C.Active
D.Facilitated
E.Ion pair
CORRRECT ANSWER:
D. Facilitated
REFERENCE:
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th edition,p.
155.It refers to the net transfer of a drug
from the circulating fluids of the body to
various tissues and organs.
Absorption
A.Distribution
B.Metabolism
C.Excretion
D.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Distribution
REFERENCE:
Schoenwald,R. Pharmacokinetics in Drug
Discovery and Development,2002,p.4
156.This refers to the extent of fraction of drug
absorbed upon extravascular administration in
comparison to the dose size administered.
A.Relative bioavailabilty
B.Absolute Bioavailability
C.Pharmacokinetics
D.Biopharmaceutics
E.NOTA
CORRRECT ANSWER:
B. Absolute Bioavailability
REFERENCE:
157.This method to estimate the area under the
curve is used if no curve fitting has been
done for a set of blood level curve is not
smooth if no pharmacokinetic data have been
determined.
A.Counting rule
B.Weighing rule
C.Trapezoidal rule
D.Jelliffe Rule
E.Crock’s Rule
CORRRECT ANSWER:
E. Crock’s Rule
REFERENCE:
158.These processes are collectively
referred to as elimination.
A.Absorption
B.Metabolism
C.Excretion
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Choices B and C
REFERENCE:
159.This is the sum of all body regions in which
the drug concentration is in instantaneous
equlibrium with that in blood or plasma.
A.Central Compartment
B.Peripheral Compartment
C.Compartment
D.Tissues
E.System
CORRRECT ANSWER:
A. Central Compartment
REFERENCE:
160.This type of intravenous administration
can be considered as multiple dosing with
infinitely small dosing intervals.
A.IV bolus
B.IV infusion
C.IV Bolus(Multiple dose)
D.IV push
E.NOTA
CORRRECT ANSWER:
A.IV infusion
REFERENCE:
161.These processes are collectively called
disposition
A.Distribution
B.Metabolism
C.Excretion
D.Choices A and B
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. AOTA
REFERENCE:
162.This refers to the anatomical location of
the receptors for a drug.
A.Enzymes
B.Proenzyme
C.Biotrans
D.Biophase
E.Microsomes
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Microsomes
REFERENCE:
163.This refers to the hypothetical volume of
distribution in mL of the unmetabolized drug
which is cleared per unit of time by any
pathway of drug removal
A.Volume of Distribution
B.Clearance
C.Concentration gradient
D.Half-life
E.Absorption
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Clearance
REFERENCE:
164.Albumin concentration is reduced in
newborns and infants.This may result in
______volume of distribution and______in
free drug concentration in plasma
A.Increased,decreased
B.Decreased,increased
C.Increased,increased
D.Decreased,decreased
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Increase,increase
REFERENCE:
165.Half-life depends on
A.Volume of distribution
B.Clearance
C.Absorption rate
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
166.In clinical terms ,it is defined as the
millimeters of blood cleared of drug per
minute
A.Absorption
B.Half-life
C.Volume of distribution
D.Clearance
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Clearance
REFERENCE:
167. The enzyme capacity in newborns and
infants is reduced.Hence,drugs being
metabolized exhibit usually _____elimination
half-life and_____clearance.
A.Increased,decreased
B.Decreased,increased
C.Increased,increased
D.Decreased,decreased
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Increased,increased
REFERENCE:
168.In intravenous multiple dose
administraton ,the longer the elimination
half-life and the shorter the dosing interval.
A.the lower will be the accumulation
B.the faster will be the accumulation
C.the slower will be the accumulation
D.the higher will be the accumulation
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. the higher will be the accumulation
REFERENCE:
169.This can be determined from experiments
in which a subject is given the same dose
bolus IV dose and an oral dose and the ratio
of the AUC of the two is calculated
A.Fraction dissolved
B.Fraction expelled
C.Fraction absorbed
D.Fraction excreted
E.Fraction distributed
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Fraction absorbed
REFERENCE:
170.This is a term used to describe the
achievement of sustained drug
concentration by simply increasing the dose
size or by accidental fast release of drug
from a sustained release dosage form
A. Dose Curve
B. Accumulation
C. Dose Dumping
D. Dose Dependency
E. Dose Attrition
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.Dose Dumping
REFERENCE:
171.This is the first step in oral absorption
process
A.Drug enters the systemic circulation
B.Drug dissolved in the intestinal fluid
C.Drug crosses the epithelial tissues of the
GI tract
D.Drug crosses the hepatoportal system
E.Drug enters the inferior vena cava
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Drug crosses the epithelial tissues of
the GI tract
REFERENCE:
172.A drug is considered completely when
absorbed when
A.Drug enters the systemic circulation
B.Drug dissolved in the intestinal fluid
C.Drug crosses the epithelial tissues of the
GI tract
D.Drug crosses the hepatoportal system
E.Drug enters the inferior vena cava
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Drug crosses the epithelial tissues of
the GI tract
REFERENCE:
173.This is a phenomenon in which the drug
is completely subjected to liver metabolism
A.Pre-systemic metabolism
B.First pass effect
C.Enterohepatic recycling
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
174.This refers to the time in hours necessary
to reduce the drug concentration in the
blood , plasma , or serum to one-half
equilibrium is reached
A.Half-life
B.Clearance
C.Elimination
D.Hepatic Clearance
E.Gastric Emptying
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Half-life
REFERENCE:
175.This is used to describe the process of
taking drug concentrations ,basic
,pharmacokinetic principles , and the
person’s clinical response and combining
them to optimize drug therapy for the patient
A.Clinical Pharmacokinetics
B.Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
C.Applied Pharmacokinetics
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. AOTA
REFERENCE:
176.At steady state ,the longer the
elimination half-life and the shorter the
dosing interval,
A.the less will be the fluctuation
B.the higher will be the fluctuation
C.the more will be the fluctuation
D.Choices B and C
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. less will be the fluctuation
REFERENCE:
177.Blood level determinations are done
when a medication has a
A. Toxicity
B. Adverse effects
C. Side effects
D. Therapeutic failure
E. Narrow therapeutic index
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Narrow therapeutic index
REFERENCE:
178.Why do pharmacokineticists measure
drug levels?
A.Design of a dosage regimen
B.Maintain drug at optimum drug levels
C.Confirm patient compliance
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Confirm patient compliance
REFERENCE:
179.Drug levels are measured at this time
period to assess the current therapy
A.Minimum therapeutic concentration
B.Maxinum toxic cocentration
C.Steady State Level
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Steady State Level
REFERENCE:
180.This is the final elimination of a drug
from the body’s systemic circulation via the
kidney into urine ,via bile and saliva into
the intestines,and into feces,via
sweat,skin,and milk.
A.Enterohepatic recycling
B.Metabolism
C.Excretion
D.Urination
E.Clearance
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Excretion
REFERENCE:
181.These are usually measured if a drug is
given by extravascular administration or
intermittent infusion and it demonstrates a
significant difference in concentration before
end after dosing.
A.Peak concentration
B.Trough concentration
C.Steady State concentration
D.Choices A and B
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
182.This is the increase in enzyme content
or rate of enzymatic processes resulting in
faster metabolism of a compound.
A.Enzyme Restriction
B.Enzyme Inhibition
C.Enzyme Imbibition
D.Enzyme Induction
E.Enzyme Coagulation
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Enzyme Induction
REFERENCE:
183.The peak for an intravenous bolus dose
would be obtained.
A.Immediately after the dose is given
B.Right after the infusion stops
C.After the distribution
D.After the elimination phase
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Right after the infusion stops
REFERENCE:
184.The peak concentration following an IV
infusion of a drug usually occur
A.Immediately after the dose is given
B.Right after the dose stops
C.After the distribution phase
D.After the elimination phase
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Right after the infusion stops
REFERENCE:
185.Drug concentrations are obtained by
A.Venipuncture of the venous blood
B.Venous of arterial blood
C.Venipuncture of jugular blood
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.
REFERENCE:
186.The larger amount of total body fluid
and the very small amount of fat tissue in
infants make it likely that the volume of
distribution of hydrophilic compounds
is_____ and that of lipophilic ones is_____
A.Increased, decreased
B.Decreased, increased
C.Increased, increased
D.Decreased, decreased
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Increased, decreased
REFERENCE:
187.If a drug stimulates its own metabolism.it is
called
A.Oxidation
B.Reduction
C.Auto oxidation
D.Auto induction
E.Enzyme Inhibition
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Auto oxidation
REFERENCE:
188.This refers to a graphical method for
separation of exponents such as separating the
absorption rate constant from the elimination
rate constant.
A.Residual Method
B.Feathering
C.Interpolation
D.Extrapolation
E.Choices A and B
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
189.This is the most frequently used assay
method for therapeutic drug monitoring.
A.Radioimmunoassay
B.Gas Chromatography
C.Microbiological assay
D.Enzyme multiplied immunoassay
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Enzyme multiplied immunoassay
REFERENCE:
190.It is the sum of all chemical reactions for
biotransformation of endogenous and
exogenous substances which take place in
the living cell
A.Absorption
B.Elimination
C.Metabolism
D.Excretion
E.Clearance
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Metabolism
REFERENCE:
191.It can be determined using a person’s
weight in kilograms and height in
centimeters
A.Creatinine clearance
B.Lean Body weight
C.Average Body weight
D.Body Surface Area
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Body Surface Area
REFERENCE:
192.It is the lowest concentration of a drug that
arrests or inhibits the growth of a bacteria
A.Maximum inhibitory concentration
B.Minimum inhibitory concentration
C.Minimum effective concentration
D.Minimum therapeutic concentration
E.Maximum therapeutic concentration
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Minimum inhibitory concentration
REFERENCE:
193.This refers to a change of one or more of
the pharmacokinetic parameters during
absorption,metabolism and excretion by
saturation or overloading of processes due to
increase dose size.
A.Saturation kinetics
B.Non-linear kinetics
C.Linear kinetics
D.First pass effect
E.Choices A and B
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
194.This is observed upon topical or rectal route
of administration where the absorption is
slower than the elimination.
A.Flip-Stock Model
B.Flip-Top Model
C.Flip-Flop Model
D.Flip-Stop Model
E.Flip-Stoop Model
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Flip-Flop Model
REFERENCE:
195.It is a measure of the rate and extent of
drug absorption
A.Cmax
B.AUC
C.BA
D.F
E.Ka
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.BA
REFERENCE:
196.Determinations which can directly the rate
and extent of absorption
A.F
B.Ka
C.AUC
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
197.The FDA lists these products if they
pharmaceutical equivalents that are
bioequivalent
A.Pharmaceutical Equivalents
B.Pharmaceutical alternatives
C.Bioequivalent drug products
D.Therapeutic equivalents
E.Ion pair
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Therapeutic Equivalents
REFERENCE:
198.This transport mechanism is formed
through the complex of an organic anion of a
substance with a cation of medium or
membrane
A.Passive diffusion
B.Convective transport
C.Active
D.Facilitated
E.Ion pair
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Ion pair
REFERENCE:
199.The transport mechanism happens againsnt
concentration and electrochemical potential
A.Passive diffusion
B.Convective transport
C.Active
D.Facilitated
E.Ion pair
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Active
REFERENCE:
200.This term compares the extent of
absorption of a test product (i.e.,generic)to a
standard or reference product,which is often an
oral solution or an immediate-release tablet ,but
not an IV product.
A.Absolute Bioavailability
B.Relative Bioavailability
C.Intermediate Bioavailability
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Relative Bioavailability
REFERENCE:
201.This principle states that the concentration
of the drug remainingin the body at any time is
added to the concentration remaining from the
previous dose
A.Multiple dosing
B.IV Bolus
C.Superposition
D.Exponentiation
E.Potentiation
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Superposition
REFERENCE:
202.This measure of creatinine can be
expressed directly by measuring urine
output for 24hours and dividing this volume
by measurement of serum creatinine drawn
at the midpoint of the 24-hour collection
period
A.Hepatic clearance
B.Nephrotic clearance
C.Creatinine clearance
D.Clearance
E.Cockcroft and Gault
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Creatinine clearance
REFERENCE:
203.This transport mechanism is mediated by
means of carriers under expenditure of energy
and along a concentration gradient.
A.Passive diffusion
B.Convective
C.Active
D.Facilitated
E.Ion pair
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Facilitated
REFERENCE:
204.Vitamins A,D,E and K can be transported via
the mechanism
A.Pinocytosis
B.Active
C.Passive Diffusion
D.Facilitated
E.Ion Pair
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Pinocytosis
REFERENCE:
205.This equation allows the determination of
the differences in creatinineclearance based on
patients’s weight ,age and gender
A.Jellife
B.Cockcroft and Gault
C.Noyes Whitney
D.Fick’s
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
Schoenwald, R. Pharmacokinetics in Drug
206.This is a result of saturation of a metabolic
carrier mediated system because the enzyme
involved in the metabolic process can no longer
accept drug resulting in an increase in plasma
drug concentration and possible toxicity
A.Linear pharmacokinetics
B.Nonlinear pharmacokinetics
C.Saturated pharmacokinetics
D.Unsaturated pharmacokinetics
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
207.The primary goal of Phase 1 in drug
development
A.Safety of the drug candidate
B.Efficacy of the drug candidate
C.Quality of the drug candidate
D.Stability of the drug candidate
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.Safety of the drug candidate
REFERENCE:
208.The initial administration of an
investigational new drug to humans is usually
accomplished in
A.Patients
B.Healthy subjects
C.Rodents
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Healthy subjects
REFERENCE:
209.It is the only transport mechanism in which
the drug or compound does not have to be in
aqueous solution in order to be absorbed
A.Endocytosis
B.Passive diffusion
C.Active
D.Facilitated
E.Ion pair
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Endocytosis
REFERENCE:
210.In the treatment design ,both an active and
a placebo are given to the same subject
A.Time series design
B.Cohort
C.Crossover
D.Placebo
E.Causal
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Crossover
REFERENCE:
211.If rats were the most sensitive species ,the
starting dose for human acute dose tolerance
study would be________of the largest no-
observable-effect dose (mg/kg)from the chronic
rat toxicity study
A.One-third
B.One-sixth
C.One-eight
D.One-tenth
E.One-sixteenth
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. One-eight
REFERENCE:
212.If the dogs were the most sensitive
species ,the starting dose for human acute dose
tolerance study would be________of the largest
no-observable-effect dose (mg/kg)from the
chronic rat toxicity study
A.One-third
B.One-sixth
C.One-eight
D.One-tenth
E.One-sixteenth
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. One-sixth
REFERENCE:
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. One-sixth
REFERENCE:
212.If nonhuman primate were the most
sensitive species ,the starting dose for human
acute dose tolerance study would be________of
the largest no-observable-effect dose
(mg/kg)from the chronic rat toxicity study
A.One-third
B.One-sixth
C.One-eight
D.One-tenth
E.One-sixteenth
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. One-third
REFERENCE:
214.The blood level time curve should have
at least hoe many blood level points during
the absorptive phase?
A.2
B.3
C.4
D.5
E.6
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.10
REFERENCE:
Pharmacokinetics,1992,4th edition,306
218.In phase 1 clinical trial the occurrence of
a dose limiting adverse event can be
grounds for
A. Discontinuing the volunteer
B. Terminating the study
C. Increasing sample size
D. Decreasing sample size
E. Choices B and D
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Discontinuing the volunteer
REFERENCE:
219. These are sources of pharmacokinetic
variability,EXCEPT
A.Saturable first pass metabolism
B.Diurnal variation
C.Autoinduction
D.Genetic polymorphism
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. NOTA
REFERENCE:
220.These studies are the first to include
patients with the disease intended for
treatment
A.Phase I
B.Phase II
C.Phase III
D.Phase IV
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Phase II
REFERENCE:
221.This part of Phase II clinical trial proves
whether a drug works in patients
A.Phase IIa
B.Phase IIb
C.Phase IIIc
D.Phase IVd
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Phase IIa
REFERENCE:
222. This part of Phase II clinical trial determines
the best dose ,dose range,titration,scheme,and
dose interval.
A.Phase IIa
B.Phase IIb
C.Phase IIIc
D.Phase IVd
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Phase IIb
REFERENCE:
223.It is an increase in drug effect over time
despte constant drug concentrations at the
effect site,which is manifested by a
counterclockwise hysteresis loop of plot of
effect vs.concentraton
A.Tolerance
B.Threshold
C.Sensitization
D.Downregulation
E.Side effect
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. sensitization
REFERENCE:
224.The following are performed in phase II
clinical trials,EXCEPT
A.Reproductive toxicology
B.Placental transfer
C.carcinogenicity
D.Mass balance studies
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Mass balance studies
REFERENCE:
225.For the determination of ncurrent
pharmacokinetic parameters fronm blood
level curves ,sampling should be continued
for at least how many elimination half-lives?
A.2
B.3
C.4
D.5
E.6
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.5
REFERENCE:
226.This cultured cell model to predict drug
absorption is capable of secreting mucin,the
primary agent of the mucous barriern in the
intestinal mucosa.
A.HT-29
B.T84
C.Caco-2
D.PAMPA
E.Mast cells
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. HT-29
REFERENCE:
227.This computer simulation aids in the
identification of optimal dosage
regimen,evaluation of effective PK/PD
models ,placebo response ,disease
progression ,adverse effect development ,and
ultimately ,the expedition of the decision
making, regulatory review ,and
commercialization of new drug processes.
A.Computer-aided clinical trial design
B.GastroPlus
C.PK/PD Modelling
D.GC-MS
E.ELISA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A.
REFERENCE:
228.This cultured cell model is valuable in
predicting the role of p-glycoprotein in transport
drugs
A.HT-29
B.T84
C.Caco-2
D.PAMPA
E.Mast cells
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. T84
REFERENCE:
229.This cultured line allows for
characterization of mucosal to serosal and
serosal to mucosal transport and can be
used to study transcellular and paracellular
transport
A.HT-29
B.T84
C.Caco-2
D.PAMPA
E.Mast cells
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Caco-2
REFERENCE:
230.In this method to evaluate the transport
of drugs ,a small section of intestinal
mucosa is sandwiched between two
chambers containing buffer.
A.Clinical safety
B.Clinical efficacy
C.Clinical outcome
D.Clinical surrogate
E.Clinical identity
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Clinical efficacy
REFERENCE:
232.For this particular [hase in the drug
development ,the drug candidate is tested
under conditions and in patients more closely
resembling those who would be encountered if
the drug were approved
A.Phase I
B.Phase II
C.Phase III
D.Phase IV
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Phase III
REFERENCE:
233.This step is analyzing population
pharmacokinetics uses graphical and
statistical techniques to reveal patterns in
the data ,identify potential outliers,and
provide a diagnostic tool for confirming
assumptions or suggesting corrective action
if assumptions are not met.
A. Exploratory data analysis
B.Population pharmacokinetic model analysis
C.Model validation
D.Compartmental analysis
E.Abstract
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Exploratory data analysis
REFERENCE:
234.Subcutaneous injection of octreotide acetate
leads to symptomatic control in patients with
acromegaly and some gastro-entero-pancreatic
tumors .However to be fully effective ,a regimen of
three times daily dosing is warranted.To improve
patient convenience and compliance ,octreotide
acetate has been reformulated into microspheres
of a biodegradable polumer.This warrants
A.Slow drug release of octreotide
B.Sustained release of octreotide
C.Single monthly intragluteal injection
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. AOTA
REFERENCE:
235.Intragluteal injection is a form of
A.Intravenous injection
B.Subcutaneous injection
C.Intramuscular injection
D.Intrathecal injection
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Intramuscular injection
REFERENCE:
236.This is the step in population
pharmacokinetics evaluates the predictive
ability of the model by testing it agaisnt a
different data set ,either data from another
study or data from the study in questionbin
which aportion of (e.g.20%)of the total data set
has been sat aside for just such purposes
A.Exploratory data analysis
B.Population pharmacokinetic model analysis
C.Model validation
D.Compartmental analysis
E.Abstract
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Model validation
REFERENCE:
237.Other than the intended disease to be
treated ,separate studies are usualy
conducted for the following conditions during
Phase III clinical trial to examine the effects
on these factors on pharmacokinetics
A.Renal disease
B.Hepatic disease
C.Elderly populations
D.Pediatric populations
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.
REFERENCE:
238.This is the document through which the
active ingredient or active moiety is
absorbed from the drug product and
A.IND
B.ANDA
C.NDA
D.Choices B and C
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. NDA
REFERENCE:
239.This refers to the rate and extent to
which the active ingredient or active moiety
is absorbed from the drug product and
A.Bioequivalence
B.Bioavailability
C.Biotransformation
D.Biotechnology
E.Biosimilar
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Bioavailability
REFERENCE:
240.Drug products that contain identical
amounts of active ingredient ,i.e.,the same
salt or ester of the same therapeutic
moiety ,in identical dosage forms ,but not
necessarily containing the same inactive
ingredients
A.Therapeutic alternatives
C.Bioequivalent
D.Pharmaceutical equivalent
E.Pharmacotherapeutic alternative
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Pharmaceutical equivalent
REFERENCE:
241. Drug products that contain identical
therapeutic moiety or its precursor ,but not
necessarily in the same amount or dosage form
or as the same salt or ester
A.Therapeutic alternatives
C.Bioequivalent
D.Pharmaceutical equivalents
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
242.This drug product category can only be
met if the drug products are pharmaceutical
equivalents and if they can be expected to
have the same clinical effect and safety
profile when administered to patients under
the conditions specified in the labeling
A.Therapeutic equivalents
C.Bioequivalence
D.Pharmaceutical equivalence
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Therapeutic equivalents
REFERENCE:
243.This refers to the absence of a significant
difference in the rate and extent to which the active
ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical
equivalents for pharmaceutical alternatives
becomes available at the site of action when
administered at the same molar dose under similar
conditions in an appropriately designed study
A.Therapeutic equivalence
C.Bioequivalent
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Bioequivalence
REFERENCE:
244.Bioavailability and /or bioequivalence are
essential for the following situations ,EXCEPT
A.For all new molecular entities
B.For a new dosage form of a drug
C.For a new salt or ester of a drug
D.For a new indication
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.AOTA
REFERENCE:
245.It is a measure of the extent of drug
absorption
A.Half-life
B.Volume of Distribution
C.AUC
D.Cmax
E.tmax
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. AUC
REFERENCE:
246.This method of assessing the bioavailabilty
of a drug can only be used if urinary excretion is
the main pathway of elimination
A.Urinary excretion data
B.Plasma data
C.Serum data
D.Half-life
E.Volume of distribution
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Urinary excretion data
REFERENCE:
247.Gastric emptying depends on the
following factors,EXCEPT
A.Viscosity of the stomach
B.pH of the stomach
C.Volume of liquid intake
D.Disease state
E.pKa of the drug
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. pKa of the drug
REFERENCE:
248.This occurs when absorbed drug passes
directly through the liver before reaching the
systemic circulation after oral administration.
A.First-pass metabolism
B.Intestinal metabolism
C.Hydrolysis of the drug in the stomach
D.Transported by p-glycoprotein
E.Complexation
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. First-pass metabolism
REFERENCE:
249.This is the usual research design for
conducting bioavailabilty and bioequivalence
studies
A.two-formulation , two-period ,two-
sequence non-replicate crossover design
B.two-formulation, three-period ,three-
C.two- formulation, two-period ,three-
D.two-formulation ,two-period ,two-sequence
non-replicate cohort design
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. two-formulation , two-period ,two-
REFERENCE:
250.This occurs when the drug is
metabolized in the intestine itself or during
the passage through the intestinal wall
A.First-pass metabolism
B.Intestinal metabolism
C.Hydrolysis of the drug in the stomach
D.Transported by p-glycoprotein
E.Complexation
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Intestinal metabolism
REFERENCE:
251.The main protein fraction blood plasma
is
A.Histidine
B.Arginine
C.Proline
D.Lysine
E.Albumin
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Albumin
REFERENCE:
252.The extent of protein binding is
determined in vitro by the following
methods ,EXCEPT
A.Dialysis
B.Ultracentrifugation
C.Agar plate test
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
253.Drug binding to protein can be
considered as a
A.Reversible process
B.Irreversible process
C.Linear
D.Nonlinear
E.Saturated
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Reversible process
REFERENCE:
254.These are the known importance of
drug-protein binding
A.Buffer
B.Transport
C.Protection
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
255.This physiological importance of drug-
protein binding is reflected by its capacity
to maintain a relatively constant
concentration of free drug over a long
period of time
A. Buffer function
B. Transport function
C. Protection function
D. Choices A and B
E. Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Buffer function
REFERENCE:
256.This physiological importance drug-
protein binding is reflected with drugs of
low solubility in water
A. Buffer function
B. Transport function
C. Protection function
D. Choices A and B
E. Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Transport function
REFERENCE:
257.Free drug concentration ____ of
plasma binding ,but is ______ on tissue
binding
A.Independent , dependent
B.Dependent , independent
C.Dependent , dissociative
D.Dissociative , Independent
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Independent , dependent
REFERENCE:
258.This condition is found in patients with
burns , cancer, cardiac failure , cystic
fibrosis, liver impairment, and enteropathy.
A.Hyperalbubinemia
B.Hypoalbuminemia
C.Hypochondria
D.Hyperchondria
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Hypoalbuminemia
REFERENCE:
259. This condition is found in patients with
benign
tumour,myalgia,neuroses,psychoses,schizo
phrenia,and paranoia
A.Hyperalbubinemia
B.Hypoalbuminemia
C.Hypochondria
D.Hyperchondria
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Hyperalbubinemia
REFERENCE:
260.Bound drugs cannot be metabolized
and are not excreted ,therefore
A.Increases urinary excretion of drugs
B.Increases elimination half-life of drugs
C.Decreases binding of hydrophilic drugs
D.Increases glomerular filtration
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Increases elimination half-life of drugs
REFERENCE:
261.Biotransformation convertss drug into
A.Polar
B.Water soluble
C.Ionized structures
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. AOTA
REFERENCE:
262.The biotransformation of Protonsil
results to____ which is a more
pharmacologically active compound.
A.Imipramine
B.Methyldopa
C.Sulphanilamide
D.Pyridine
E.Phenacetin
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Sulphanilamide
REFERENCE:
263.The oxidation of chloral hydrate
produces
A.Pentobarbital
B.Phenobarbital
C.Acetic acid
D.Dichloroacetic acid
E.Trichloroacetic acid
CORRECT ANSWER:
E. Trichloroacetic acid
REFERENCE:
264.The principal site of drug metabolism is
the
A.Kidney
B.Liver
C.Lungs
D.Heart
E.Intestine
CORRECT ANSWER:
B.Liver
REFERENCE:
265.The cytochrome enzymes originate from
A.Cytoplasm
B.Cell membrane
C.Golgi apparatus
D.Microsomes
E.Ribosome
CORRECT ANSWER:
D.Microsomes
REFERENCE:
266.The following are phase 1
biotransformation reactions,EXCEPT
A.Oxidation
B.Reduction
C.Hydrolysis
D.Deamination
E.methylation
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.Methylation
REFERENCE:
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
267.The following are phase 2
biotransformation reactions,EXCEPT
A.Dealkylation
B.Glycine conjugation
C.Acetylation
D.Ethereal sulphate conjugation
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Dealkylation
REFERENCE:
268.This metabolism phase reaction is
responsible for the formation of the final
metabolic product of the drug to be excreted
A.Phase 1
B.Phase 2
C.Phase 3
D.Phase 4
E.Phase 5
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Phase 2
REFERENCE:
269.Kernicterus is a condition which results
from
A.Inability to conjugate albumin
B.Inability to conjugate bilirubin
C.Inability to conjugate acetic acid
D.Inability to conjugate glucose
E.Inability to conjugate lipids
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Inability to conjugate bilirubin
REFERENCE:
270.A one month old infant already develops
the following metabolic processes,EXCEPT
A.Sulfation
B.Conjugation
C.Oxidation
D.Acetylation
E.Glucoronidation
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.Glucoronidation
REFERENCE:
271.Phenobarbital and hexobarbital are
stimulated in their metabolism by auto and
foreign induction .This phenomenon is
termed
A.Link-induction
B.Time series induction
C.Scratchard induction
D.Cross induction
E.Repulsive induction
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Cross induction
REFERENCE:
272.If a drug stimulates the rate of
metabolism of another drug ,this
phenomenon is called
A.Auto-induction
B.Foreign-induction
C.Cross-induction
D.Anti-induction
E.Focus-induction
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Foreign-induction
REFERENCE:
273.First pass effect cannot be observed in
the following routes of
administration,EXCEPT
A.Oral
B.Buccal
C.Intravenous
D.Sublingual
E.Choices A and B
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Oral
REFERENCE:
274.It is a hypothetical structure which can
be used to characterize wih reproducibility
the behaviour and the fate of drug in
biological systems
A.Concepts
B.Constructs
C.Compartments
D.Locations
E.Models
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.Models
REFERENCE:
275.It is an entity which can be described by
a definite volume and a concentration of
drug contained in the volume
A. Concepts
B. Constructs
C. Compartments
D. Locations
E. Models
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Compartments
REFERENCE:
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
276.A blood level versus time curve for an
extravascular administration can be fitted to
a
A.One compartment model
B.Two compartment model
C.Three compartment model
D.Multi compartment model
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. One compartment model
REFERENCE:
277.A blood level versus time curve for an
intravascular administration can be fitted to
a
A.One compartment model
B.Two compartment model
C.Three compartment model
D.Multi compartment model
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Two compartment model
REFERENCE:
278.This compartment model describes a
situation in which a drug entering the
body distributes instantly between the
blood and other body fluids or tissues
C. Three compartment model
D. Multi compartment model
E. NOTA
279.If a drug entering the bodydoes not
instantly distributes instantly between the
blood and other body fluids or tissues it
eventually reaches,this can be described
by
D. Multi compartment model
E. NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
280.This body fluids or tissues which are in
equlibrium with the circulatory system
comprise the
A.Central compartment
B.Peripheral compartment
C.Tissue compartment
D.Enteral compartment
E.Deep compartmant
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Central compartment
REFERENCE:
281.Those body fluids or tissues into which
the drug distributes slowly comprise the
A. Central compartment
B. Peripheral compartment
C. Tissue compartment
D. Enteral compartment
E. Deep compartment
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Peripheral compartment
REFERENCE:
282.To know whether a one or two
compartment models applies ,the
terminal slope of the line is back-
extrapolated to the ordinate. If no
concentration-time data points lie above
the line ,this model is applicable
D. Open Multi compartment model
E. NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
283.This pharmacokinetic parameter gives
the speed at which a drug enters a
compartment ,distributes between a central
angd peripheral compartment and is
eliminated from the systemic circulation.
A.Half-life
B.Volume of distribution
C.Rate constant
D.AUC
E.Cmax
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Rate constant
REFERENCE:
284.Alcohol in the body is eliminated by
A.Zero-order reaction
B.First-order reaction
C.Third-order reaction
D.Fourth-order reaction
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Zero-order reaction
REFERENCE:
285.Dose dependent kinetics can occur due
to the following situations,EXCEPT
A.Over loading of metabolic processes when
large doses are given
B.Competition for one type of metabolic
process by two drugs
C.When active transport mechanisms are
overloaded
D.AOTA
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.NOTA
REFERENCE:
286.This is the rate constant describing the
loss of unchanged drug from the systemic
circulation by either excretion or metabolism
A.Absorption rate constant
B.Distribution rate constant
C.Elimination rate constant
D.Excretion rate constant
E.Metabolism rate constant
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Elimination rate constant
REFERENCE:
287.If a drug is given extravascularly ,this
rate constant describes the rate of input
of drug into systemic circulation.
A. Absorption rate constant
B. Distribution rate constant
C. Elimination rate constant
D. Excretion rate constant
E. Metabolism rate constant
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Absorption rate constant
REFERENCE:
288.With this drug product ,a solution results
in a smaller total amount of drug absorbed
than when it is given in the form of capsules
and tablets.
A.Aspirin
B.Paracetamol
C.Nifedipine
D.Griseofulvin
E.Metoprolol
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Griseofulvin
REFERENCE:
289.The following are methods to estimate
the absorption rate constant , EXCEPT
A.Cmax- Truncated AUC method
B.Nomogram method
C.Absorption time method
D.Ritschel method
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Ritschel method
REFERENCE:
290.Absorption rate constant may be
different due to
A.Different drug release rate from dosage
form
B.Disease
C.Viscosity of gastric content
D.Fasting or fed conditions
E.AOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
E.AOTA
REFERENCE:
291.In obesity , the volume of hydrophilic
drugs is _____ expected from the body
weight
A.Higher than
B.Lower than
C.Deeper than
D.Insufficient data
E.NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Lower than
REFERENCE:
292.In the edematic patients ,the volume of
distribution of hydrophilic drug is
___expected from the body weight
A. Higher than
B. Lower than
C. Deeper than
D. Insufficient data
E. NOTA
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Higher than
REFERENCE:
294.If the volume of distribution in an adult is
approximately 5 liters,it means that the drug
is in
A.Circulatory system
B.Extracellular fluid
C.Intracellular fluid
D.Whole body fluid
E.Fats
CORRECT ANSWER:
B. Extracellular fluid
REFERENCE:
295.If the volume of distribution in an adult is
approximately between 25-30 liters, the
drug is distributed in the
A. Circulatory system
C. Intracellular fluid
D. Whole body fluid
E. Fats
CORRECT ANSWER:
REFERENCE:
296. If the volume of distribution in an adult
is approximately 40 liters, the drug is
distributed in the
A. Circulatory system
D. Whole body fluid
E. Fats
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Whole body fluid
REFERENCE:
297.Volumes of distribution can be
estimated in vitro by
A.Apparent partition coefficients
B.Extent of protein binding
C.pKa and pH ratio
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
298.The most important organ for excretion
is
A.Heart
B.Lungs
C.Kidney
D.Liver
E.Intestine
CORRECT ANSWER:
C.Kidney
REFERENCE:
299.These are the compounds which are
filtered through the glomeruli only and are
used as test substances for kidney function
test to determine the glomerular filtration
rate
A.Inulin
B.Creatinine
C.Reserpine
D.Choices A and B
E.Choices B and C
CORRECT ANSWER:
D. Choices A and B
REFERENCE:
300.This test is used for determination of
liver’s capacity for active transport and
biliary excretion
A. Phenolphthalein Test
B. Iodosulpthalein Test
C. Bromosulhthalein Test
D. Arabinogalactose Test
E. Methylated Resin Test
CORRECT ANSWER:
C. Bromosulhthalein Test
REFERENCE:

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