INDUSTRIAL

HAZARDS
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO – SUBMITTED BY –
AR. ASHUTOSH KUMAR TAHREEN FATIMA (B.ARCH/15017/16)
SNEHA (B.ARCH/15019/16)
INTRODUCTION :
“IN EVERY TWENTY SECONDS OF EVERY WORKING MINUTE OF EVERY HOUR THROUGHOUT THE WORLD,
SOMEONE DIES AS A RESULT OF AN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS CAUSE LOSSES TO THE
HUMAN CAPITAL.”

INDUSTRIAL HAZARD MAY BE DEFINED AS ANY CONDITION/SUBSTANCE

PRODUCED BY INDUSTRIES THAT MAY CAUSE INJURY OR DEATH TO
PERSONNEL OR LOSS OF PRODUCT OR PROPERTY.

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS :

1.) CHEMICAL HAZARD – OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD CAUSED BY EXPOSURE
TO CHAMICALS IN THE WORKPLACE AND IT CAN
LEAD LONG-TERM DETRIMENATAL HEALTH
EFFECTS.
2.) PHYSICAL HAZARD - IT BASED ON THE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF THE
CHEMICAL. THERE ARE FIVE MAIN CLASSES GASES
UNDER PRESSURE, EXPLOSIVE, FLAMMABLE,
OXIDISING AND CORROSIVE TO METALS.
3.) BIOLOGICAL HAZARD – ORGANIC SUBSTANCES THAT POSE A THREAT TO
THE HEALTH OF LIVING ORGANISMS. IT INCLUDES
VIRUSES, TOXINS, SPORES, FUNGUS AND BIO-
ACTIVE SUBSTANCES.
HOW IT OCCURS ?
THERE ARE MAINLY THREE REASONS BEHIND IT :

1.) UNSAFE CONDITIONS :

UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS ARE THE BIGGEST CAUSE OF ACCI­DENTS.
THESE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DETECTIVE PLANTS, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT’S,
MACHINES, AND MATERIALS ; SUCH CAUSES ARE KNOWN AS ‘TECHNICAL
CAUSES’.

2.) UNSAFE ACTS :

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS OCCUR DUE TO CERTAIN ACTS ON THE PART OF
WORKERS. THESE ACTS MAY BE THE RESULT OF LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
OR SKILL ON THE PART OF THE WORKER, CERTAIN BODILY DEFECTS AND
WRONG ATTITUDE.

3.) OTHER CAUSES :
THESE CAUSES ARISE OUT OF UNSAFE SITUATIONS AND CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS. THESE MAY INCLUDE EXCESSIVE NOISE, VERY HIGH
TEMPERATURE, HUMID CONDITIONS, BAD WORKING CONDITIONS,
UNHEALTHY ENVIRONMENT, SLIPPERY FLOORS, EXCESSIVE GLARE
AND DUST AND FUME.
MOSTLY AFFECTED REGIONS :
THE REGIONS WHICH HAVE MORE INDUSTRIES ARE MORE PRONE TO INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS.

MAJOR INDUSTRIAL REGIONS :

1. MUMBAI-PUNE INDUSTRIAL REGION 
2. HUGLI INDUSTRIAL REGION
3. BANGALORE-TAMIL NADU INDUSTRIAL REGION 
4. GUJARAT INDUSTRIAL REGION
5. CHOTANAGPUR INDUSTRIAL REGION
6. VISHAKHAPATNAM-GUNTUR INDUSTRIAL REGION
7. GURGAON-DELHI-MEERUT INDUSTRIAL REGION
8. KOLFAM-THIRUVANANTHAPURAM INDUSTRIAL REGION.

INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS:
1. KANPUR 10. GORAKHPUR
2. HYDERABAD 11. ALIGARH
3. AGRA 12. KOTA
4. NAGPUR 13. PUNIMA
5. GWALIOR 14. JABALPUR
6. BHOPAL 15. BAREILLY
7. LUCKNOW
8. JALPAIGURI
9. CUTTACK
DIFFERENT
HAZARDS WHICH
OCCURS IN
DIFFERENT
INDUSTRIES :
WHO IS
RESPONSIBLE ?
1. GOVERNMENT
2. CORPOTATION / PRIVATE OWNER
3. VICTIMS
BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY :
 DATE : 2ND DECEMBER – 3RD DECEMBER [1984]
 LOCATION : BHOPAL, MADHYA PRADESH,
INDIA
 ALSO KNOWN AS : BHOPAL TRAGEDY
 CAUSE : METHYL ISOCYANATE LEAK FROM
UNION CARBIDE INDIA LIMITED PLANT
 DEATH : AT LEAST 3,787 ; OVER : 16,000
CLAIMED
 NON-FATAL INJURIES : AT LEAST 5,58,125

MAP OF BHOPAL SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE UCIL

PLANT AND THE AREAS MOST SEVERELY AFFECTED
(SHADED) LOCATION OF BHOPAL IN INDIA.
ABOUT
: THE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY (COMMONLY

REFERRED TO AS BHOPAL DISASTER) WAS A
GAS LEAK INCIDENT IN INDIA, CONSIDERED PREPARATION OF CARBARYL :
ONE OF THE WORLDS WORST INDUSTRIAL
DISASTER.
 IT OCCURRED ON THE NIGHT OF 2ND–3RD
DECEMBER 1984 AT THE UNION CARBIDE
INDIA LIMITED (UCIL) PESTICIDE PLANT IN
BHOPAL, MADHYA PRADESH.
 A LEAK OF METHYL ISO CYANATE (MIC) GAS
AND OTHER CHEMICALS FROM THE PLANT
RESULTED IN THE EXPOSURE OF HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE.
 THE UCIL FACTORY WAS BUILT TO PRODUCE METHYLAMINE (1) REACTS WITH PHOSGENE
THE PESTICIDE SEVIN (UCCS BRAND NAME (2)
FOR CARBARYL) USING METHYL ISOCYANATE PRODUCING METHYL ISOCYANATE (3) WHICH
(MIC) AS AN INTERMEDIATE.
REACTS WITH 1- NAPHTHOL (4) TO YIELD
CARBARYL (5)
THE
ACCIDENT
DURING THE NIGHT OF :
2–3
DECEMBER 1984, WATER
ENTERED TANK E610
CONTAINING 42 TONS OF MIC.
 THE RESULTING EXOTHERMIC
REACTION INCREASED THE
TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE
TANK TO OVER 200°C (392 °F)
AND RAISED THE PRESSURE.
 ABOUT 40 METRIC TONS OF
TOXIC METHYL ISO CYANATE
FROM THE STORAGE TANK INTO
THE ATMOSPHERE IN JUST
ABOUT 45 TO 60 MINUTES, AND
THE GASES WERE BLOWN IN
SOUTH – EASTERN DIRECTION
OF BHOPAL. GAS VENT SCRUBBER STACK
FACTORS LEADING TO THE GAS
LEAK
 : IN LARGE TANKS AND FILLING BEYOND RECOMMENDED
STORING MIC
LEVELS,
 SAFETY SYSTEMS BEING SWITCHED OFF TO SAVE MONEY—INCLUDING THE
MIC TANK REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WHICH COULD HAVE MITIGATED THE
DISASTER SEVERITY,
 FAILURE OF SEVERAL SAFETY SYSTEMS,
 PLANT LOCATION CLOSE TO A DENSELY POPULATED AREA,
 POOR MAINTENANCE,
 UNDERSIZED SAFETY DEVICES,
 THE DEPENDENCE ON MANUAL OPERATIONS,
  PLANT MANAGEMENT DEFICIENCIES WERE ALSO IDENTIFIED –
• LACK OF SKILLED OPERATORS,
• REDUCTION OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT,
• INSUFFICIENT MAINTENANCE,
• INADEQUATE EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS,
THE DEVASTATION :
 THE OFFICIAL IMMEDIATE DEATH TOLL
WAS 2,259 AND THE GOVERNMENT OF
MADHYA PRADESH HAS CONFIRMED A
TOTAL OF 3,787 DEATHS RELATED TO
THE GAS RELEASE.
 OTHERS ESTIMATE 8,000 DIED WITHIN
TWO WEEKS AND ANOTHER 8,000 OR
MORE HAVE SINCE DIED FROM GAS-
RELATED DISEASES.
 A GOVERNMENT AFFIDAVIT IN 2006
STATED THE LEAK CAUSED 5,58,125
INJURIES INCLUDING 38,478
TEMPORARY PARTIAL AND
APPROXIMATELY 3,900 SEVERELY AND
PERMANENTLY DISABLING INJURIES.
 2,000 BLOATED ANIMAL CARCASSES
HAD TO BE DISPOSED.
HEALTH EFFECTS :
 THE INITIAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE WERE COUGHING, VOMITING, SEVERE EYE
IRRITATION STOMACH PAINS, BREATHLESSNESS AND A FEELING OF SUFFOCATION.
 REPORTED SYMPTOMS ARE -
• EYE PROBLEMS,
• RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTIES,
• IMMUNE AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS,
• CARDIAC FAILURE SECONDARY TO LUNG INJURY,
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DIFFICULTIES AND
• BIRTH DEFECTS AMONG CHILDREN BORN TO AFFECTED WOMEN.
 THE MAIN CAUSE OF DEATH WERE CHOKING RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
 IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 1,00,000 TO 2,00,000 PEOPLE HAVE PERMANENT INJURIES. THE
INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND UCC DENY PERMANENT INJURIES WERE CAUSED BY MIC
OR THE OTHER GASES.
AFTERMATH OF THE LEAKAGE :
 MEDICAL STAFF WERE UNPREPARED FOR THE THOUSANDS OF CASUALTIES.
 DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS WERE NOT INFORMED OF PROPER TREATMENT
METHODS FOR MIC GAS INHALATION. THEY WERE TOLD TO SIMPLY GIVE COUGH
MEDICINE AND EYE DROPS TO THEIR PATIENTS.
 THE GASES IMMEDIATELY CAUSED VISIBLE DAMAGE TO THE TREES. WITHIN A
FEW DAYS, ALL THE LEAVES FELL OFF.
 FORMAL STATEMENTS WERE ISSUED THAT AIR, WATER, VEGETATION AND
FOODSTUFFS WERE SAFE WITHIN THE CITY. AT THE SAME TIME, PEOPLE WERE
INFORMED THAT POULTRY WAS UNAFFECTED, BUT WERE WARNED NOT TO
CONSUME FISH.
 A TOTAL OF 36 WARDS WERE MARKED BY THE AUTHORITIES AS BEING "GAS
AFFECTED", AFFECTING A POPULATION OF 520,000.
 OF THESE, 200,000 WERE BELOW 15 YEARS OF AGE, AND 3,000 WERE PREGNANT
WOMEN.
 THERE WERE MASS FUNERALS AND MASS CREMATIONS. BODIES WERE DUMPED
INTO THE NARMADA RIVER, LESS THAN 100 KM FROM BHOPAL.
 OTHER
•ACCIDENTS :
BHOPAL, DECEMBER 1984 : IN WORLD’S WORST CHEMICAL
DISASTER, A METHYLISOCYANATE GAS LEAK FROM THE
UNION CARBIDE PLANT IN THE CITY KILLED OVER 20,000
PEOPLE AND
THOUSANDS SUFFERED IRREVERSIBLE HEALTH DAMAGE.

• DELHI, DECEMBER 1985 : AN OLEUM GAS LEAK FROM THE

SRIRAM FOODS AND FERTILISERS PLANT IN DELHI SEVERELY
AFFECTED WORKERS AND THOSE LIVING IN THE
NEIGHBOURHOOD.

• ROURKELA, DECEMBER 1985 : BLAST FURNACE ACCIDENT

IN
ROURKELA STEEL PLANT AND 18 WORKERS AFFECTED.

• DURGAPUR, JUNE 1987: CHLORINE LEAK AT DURGAPUR

CHEMICAL FACTORY CREATED PANIC ALL AROUND. LONG
DISTANCE TRAINS WERE HALTED. OVER 100 WERE AFFECTED.

• BOMBAY, NOVEMBER 1988: FIRE AT THE BHARAT

PETROLEUM REFINERY AT MAHUL, NORTH-EAST BOMBAY,
• RAMAGUNAAM, SEPTEMBER 1989: MAJOR GAS LEAK AT
FERTILISERS CORPORATION OF INDIA UNIT AT RAMAGUNDAM,
KILLED 7.

• NAGOTHANE, NOVEMBER 1990: EXPLOSION AT THE INDIAN

PETROCHEMICALS, NAGOTHANE COM­PLEX, 35 PERSONS KILLED,
OVER 50 SUFFERED 70 PERCENT BURNS.

• BOMBAY, JULY 1991: ACCIDENT IN A HINDUSTAN ORGANIC

CHEMICALS UNIT NEAR BOMBAY KILLS 7 WORKERS.

• GWALIOR, DECEMBER 1991: BLAST AT THE DYEING

DEPARTMENT OF
GRASIM UNIT AT GWALIOR. 14 KILLED AND 22 SEVERELY
INJURED.

• PANIPAT, AUGUST 1992: AMMONIA LEAK AT THE NATIONAL

FERTILISERS PLANT, PANIPAT KILLED 11, MANY INJURED.

• KAHALGAON, OCTOBER 1992: BOILER EXPLOSION IN THE

NATIONAL
THERMAL POWER CORPORATION (NTPC), 11 KILLED AND
SEVERAL
INJURED.
LOSSES :
RISK ANALYSIS :
 PREPAREDNESS MEASURES :
• HAZARD MAPPING
• HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IDENTIFICATION
• SELF INSPECTIONS
• MONITOR DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
• IMPROVE FIRE FIGHTING CAPACITY
• CIVIL DEFENSE TRAINING
• COMMUNITY REPORTING
• PRACTICE EVACUATION PLAN
• TEST WARNING SYSTEMS

 PRECATIONS DURING HAZARDS

:
• TURN THE POWER OFF
• INFORM OTHERS
• LOG OUT FROM ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
• WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
• IF NOT TRAINED AVOID AFFECTED AREA.
 POLICIES
:
 THE STATIC AND MOBILE PRESSURE VESSELS (UNFIRED) RULES, 1981 :
• THESE (SMPV) RULES ARE NOTIFIED UNDER THE EXPLOSIVES ACT, 1884.
• THESE RULES REGULATE STORAGE, HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF COMPRESSED GASES.
• THESE RULES STIPULATE REQUIREMENTS REGARDING CONSTRUCTION AND FITMENTS, PERIODIC
TESTING, LOCATION, FIRE PROTECTION, LOADING AND UNLOADING FACILITIES, TRANSFER
OPERATIONS ETC.
• IN RESPECT OF PRESSURE VESSELS WHOSE WATER CAPACITY EXCEEDS ONE THOUSAND LITRES.
• THESE RULES ARE ENFORCED BY THE CHIEF CONTROLLER OF EXPLOSIVES UNDER THE MINISTRY
OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE, GOVT. OF INDIA (PESO).

 THE MANUFACTURE, STORAGE AND IMPORT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

RULES (MSIHC), 1989
• THESE MSIHC RULES ARE NOTIFIED UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986.
 • THESE RULES ARE AIMED AT REGULATING AND HANDLING OF CERTAIN SPECIFIED
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS.
• THE RULES STIPULATE REQUIREMENTS REGARDING NOTIFICATION OF SITE,
IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR HAZARDS, TAKING NECESSARY STEPS TO CONTROL
MAJOR ACCIDENT, NOTIFICATION OF MAJOR ACCIDENT, PREPARATION OF SAFETY
REPORT AND ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN; PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MAJOR
ACCIDENT, DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ETC.
• THESE RULES ARE NOTIFIED BY THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS
(MOEF) BUT ENFORCED BY THE INSPECTORATES OF FACTORIES OF RESPECTIVE
STATES / UTS IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR.

 THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 AND STATE FACTORIES RULES :

• THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 IS VERY COMPREHENSIVE LEGISLATION DEALING WITH THE MATTERS OF
SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE OF WORKERS IN FACTORIES.
• THE ACT PLACES DUTIES ON THE OCCUPIER TO ENSURE SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE OF
WORKERS AT WORK.
• SOME OF THE SALIENT PROVISIONS OF THE ACT INCLUDE:-
(I) GUARDING OF MACHINERY
(II) HOISTS AND LIFTS; LIFTING MACHINES AND APPLIANCES
(III) REVOLVING MACHINERY
 (IV) PRESSURE PLANT
(V) EXCESSIVE WEIGHT
(VI) PROTECTION OF EYES
(VII) PRECAUTIONS AGAINST DANGEROUS FUMES, GASES ETC.
(VIII) EXPLOSIVE OR INFLAMMABLE DUST, GAS ETC. (IX) PRECAUTIONS IN CASE

OF FIRE
(X) SAFETY OF BUILDINGS AND MACHINERY
(XI) PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF EXPOSURE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

• IN ADDITION TO ABOVE SPECIFIC SAFETY REQUIREMENTS, THE ACT ALSO

CONTAINS REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. SOME
OF THESE ARE:-
(I) DECLARATION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY
(II) APPOINTMENT OF SAFETY OFFICER
(III) DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION
(IV) PREPARATION OF ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN
(V) MEDICAL EXAMINATION AND SURVEILLANCE
(VI) COMPETENT SUPERVISION OF HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
(VII) CONSTITUTION OF SAFETY COMMITTEE
(VIII) RIGHTS OF WORKERS (IX) EDUCATION AND TRAINING
(X) NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS
(XI) NOTIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 ALSO CONTAIN PROVISIONS RELATING TO PROTECTION
OF WOMEN WORKERS. SOME OF THESE PROVISIONS ARE : -
(I) PROHIBITION ON EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN CLEANING, LUBRICATING OR

ADJUSTING ANY PART OF PRIME-MOVER IN MOTION,

(II) PROHIBITION ON EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN NEAR COTTONOPENERS,
(III) PROVISION OF SEPARATE WASHING FACILITIES,
(IV) PROVISION OF CRÈCHES
(V) RESTRICTION ON EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN DURING 7 PM TO 6 AM; AND
(VI) PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTION ON EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN CERTAIN

DANGEROUS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OR OPERATIONS.

RISK CALCULATION :
R = (P) x (S)

R = RISK
P = PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
S = SEVERITY OF EFFECT (CONSEQUENCE)
ROLE OF ARCHITECT :
 IT CAN ALSO BE REDUCED BY USING FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS, BUILDING FIRE BARRIERS OR
INSTALLING DEVICES TO EXTRACT SMOKE, IMPROVING DETECTORS AND WARNING SYSTEMS,
ENGAGING IN PREPAREDNESS PLANNING BY IMPROVING FIRE FIGHTING AND POLLUTION DISPERSAL
CAPABILITIES, AND EMERGENCY RELIEF AND EVACUATION PLANNING FOR PLANT EMPLOYEES AND
NEARBY SETTLEMENTS (CREW AND PASSENGERS IN THE CASE OF VEHICLES). IN ADDITION, ON-SITE
AND OFF-SITE SAFETY PLANS SHOULD BE INITIATED AND DRILLS SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN
CONJUNCTION WITH LOCAL FIRE DEPARTMENTS AND OTHER CIVIL AUTHORITIES.
 DEVELOP EVACUATION PLANS TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE EVENT OF A TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER AS
WELL AS REGULATE HAZARDOUS-MATERIALS TRANSPORT ROUTES AWAY FROM SCHOOLS AND
RESIDENTIAL AREAS.
 DENSELY POPULATED RESIDENTIAL AREAS SHOULD BE SEPARATED FAR AWAY FROM THE INDUSTRIAL
AREAS.

ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY :
 TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS CAN BE REDUCED BY IMPROVING SAFETY STANDARDS IN PLANT AND
EQUIPMENT DESIGN, OPERATING PROCEDURES, SAFE AND REGULATED DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS, AND THROUGH PROPER PREPAREDNESS PLANNING.
 IN ADDITION, STEPS TAKEN TO LIMIT OR REDUCE THE STORAGE CAPACITY OF DANGEROUS OR
FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS WILL REDUCE THE PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF A TECHNOLOGICAL
DISASTER.
 PEOPLE STAYING IN THE VICINITY OF INDUSTRIES SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE STORAGE OF TOXINS OR
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECTS IN CASE IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS.
HOW TO CONTROL :
 THE WORKERS SHOULD BE GIVEN TRAINING REGARDING SAFETY MEASURES.
THEY SHOULD KNOW THE HAZARDS OF THE MACHINES, THE AREAS OF
ACCIDENT PRONENESS AND THE GOOD WORKING POSSIBLE PRECAUTIONS IN
CASE OF SOME ACCIDENT.

 ANY WRONG SELECTION OF WORKERS WILL CREATE PROBLEMS LATER ON.

SOMETIME EMPLOYEES ARE ACCIDENT PRONE, THEY MAY NOT BE PROPERLY
SUITABLE FOR THE PARTICULAR JOBS. SO THE SELECTION OF EMPLOYEES
SHOULD BE ON THE BASIS OF PROPERLY DEVISED TESTS SO THAT THEIR
SUITABILITY FOR JOBS IS DETERMINED.

 DISCIPLINARY ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN AGAINST THOSE WHO FLOUT

SAFETY MEASURES. THERE MAY BE NEGATIVE PUNISHMENTS LIKE WARNINGS,
LAY OFF, TERMINATIONS OF WORKERS.

 PROPER MAINTENANCE OF MACHINES, EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURAL

FACILITIES.
THANK
YOU