Reservoir Simulation and ECLISPE

Reservoir Simulation and
ECLISPE
Schlumberger Private
July 2003
Wu Lin
Reservoir Simulation
 What is it ?
 ECLIPSE Software
 How it’s used

 Demo
Why We Do Reservoir Simulation
Typical Problems
• How many wells
• What rate
• Infill Drilling
• Perforation
• Work-over
• Pressure Maintenance
• Water or Gas Injection
• Pattern Flood
SIMULATION:
"To Give the Appearance Of…”
Engineering/Simulation
Model
106-108 cells
Reservoir Simulation (1)
• Numerical model of reservoir made up of an array

of cells. Equations are solved to calculate
pressures and flows.
• Fluid flow - underlying concepts
• Conservation of mass
• Darcy’s law
• PVT model
4
9
10
16
17 23
•Partial differential equations are written in finite-
1
2
5
6
11
12
18
19
24 27
25 26 difference form and solved numerically
3 7 13 20 26
8 14 21
15 22
Reservoir Simulation (2)
 Input data:  History matching:

 Structural information, rock  The reservoir engineer tunes the
properties, fluid properties, well data,
input parameters to match past
historical production and operating
constraints
production performance
 Results reported for each time  Prediction:

step:  Evaluate future performance for
 Grid block pressures and fluid different operating strategies
saturations, fluid composition, well  Find and recover hydrocarbons
performance left over from primary depletion
 Use for reservoir management,
economic decisions
WHAT BENEFITS ?
Golden Rule:
•You can only produce once
•You can simulate many times
SIMULATION PROCESS -1
Simulation studies usually consist of the following

phases:
- Define objectives
- Data collection
- Data review and analysis
- Pre-simulation analysis
- Select type of simulator
- Model construction
SIMULATION PROCESS -2
- Fine grid modeling

- Coarse grid modeling
- History match
- Predictions
- Reporting
 What is it ?
 How it’s used

 Demo
ECLIPSE Products
Pre- Simulation Post-
FloGrid ECLIPSE Weltest200
Gridding and Blackoil Well testing
Upscaling Compositional
Thermal SimOpt
SCAL
History Matching
Rel. Perm. & FrontSim
Cap. Pressure Blackoil FloViz
Compositional 3D Results Viewing
PVTi
Phase Behaviour
Near Wellbore
VFPi Fast Local Studies
Well Hydraulics
Schedule PlanOpt
Well Description Drilling Evaluations
& Production
ECLIPSE Office
Project Management, Data, Job Submission,
Report Writing, 2D Results Viewing
Overview of Modeling Procedure
reservoir structure(seismic,logs)
Property 3D, Describe
gross and net thickness(logs)
FloGrid CPS3 reservoir
well location and perforatd intervals
Grid, porosity, permeability(logs, cores)
Design
Flogrid fluid analyses(lab data)
reservoir grid
PVTi
pressure and contacts(logs, well tests, etc.)
Schedule
Select simulator black oil or compositional
ECIPSE model fractured, condensate,etc
100/300 horizontal wells, EOR, thermal, etc.
Solve for
ECLIPSE History
pressures and historical production data
SimOpt match
saturations
Predict and investigate different scenarios
FloViz optmize future visualize results

production economic calculations
Where ECIPSE fits in
Geology Data Other Data
Geology Data
1. Permeability 1. Well Producing
OtherInterval
Data and
1. Permeability
2. Porosity
2. Porosity
Productivity 1. Well Producing
Interval and
3. Thickness
3. Thickness
4. Elevation
The link 2. Pressure Loss Productivity
in Tubing and
2. Pressure Loss in
Flow Lines Tubing and Flow
5. Initial Saturation for Each
4. Elevation
Phase is Lines
3. Aquifer Description
3. Aquifer
6. Initial Pressure
5. Initial Saturation for Each Phase Description
7. Fluid Properties(oil,water, gas)
B, u, Rs, Rv
6. Initial Pressure
ECIPSE 4. Historical Oil,4.Water,
Water,Oil,and
Historical
and Gas
Gas ProducitonProduciton
8. Rock Properties Kr versus S,
7. Fluid Properties(oil,water, gas) B, u,
pcow, Pcgo, Cf 5. Observed
5. Observed Pressure versus
Pressure versus
R s, R v
9. Grid Dimensions
Time Time
8. Rock Properties Kr versus S, pcow,

Pcgo, Cf
9. Grid Dimensions
Geology Data
Data Collection & Data Integration & Modeling Upscaling & Simulation
Interpretation
Errors, Fine scale static 3D Mathematical model(s)
inconsistencies, model(s) for dynamic flow
uncertainty? behaviour
What is FloGrid?
--a vital link between geology and simulation
 Complements 3D modeling
 Create structured, unstructured grids.
 Reservoir and Uncertainty Analysis.
- Well locations & completions.
- Aquifer models.
- Fault seal analysis.
- Cell property population.
- Simulation interface.
Workflow
Object Tree
Based
New
Display
Look Shortcuts
and Feel
Menu
Display
and& Toolbar
Menus
Multi-Cube
Seismic
Markers
Wells
Logs
Well Correlation
•View log data
•Edit markers
•Flatten on marker
2D Mapping
•Grid data
•Edit contours, scatter
•“Grid” replacement
Map-based Workflows
Import: Structural & Property Maps, Fault Traces, Well Deviations, Markers, Logs, Seismic
Create: Structural Framework
Create Model
Type: Property Model
Property Population
Create Model
Assign Maps,
Create Model Type: Structured Grid
Extrapolate Logs
Type: Structured Grid
Upscale
Automatic Property
Assignment Export Simulation Grid Population
Method Method
Structural Framework
•Edit Control Surfaces
•Snap to fault option
Calculator
•2D Mesh Maps
•3D Properties
•Logs
Model
•Griding
•Population
•Upscaling
•Volumetrics
•Uncertainty
Geological Modeling
•Facies: Fluvial Objects, SIS
•Petro: SGS, Kriging, Co-kriging ….
•Input: Seismic, Maps, Logs
Fault Properties
•Displacement, shale gauge ratio
•User defined relationships
•Allan diagrams
•Output transmissibility modifiers
Simulation
•Run FrontSim directly on model
•Export to Eclipse & FrontSim
•Multiple realisations
Well Planning
•Edit well paths
•Quick well location
•Drilling constraints
•Properties on wells
Unstructured Grid
•Regular background
•Pebi wells and faults
FloGrid Modeling
Brings it all together in 2002
On PC and Unix
Position of SCAL in Simulation Workflow
Property 3D CPS3/F3D
3D Geol. Model Struct. & Prop.

(RESCUE) Maps, Faults
GeoFrame Seismic
(via OpenSpirit) (SEGY in depth)
Markers
- Generating 3D coarse simulation grid
Logs FloGrid - Upscaling fine scale geol. properties
Well - Generating well to grid connections
Finder Deviations
Grid Geometry &

Well Trajectory File
OilField Well Preparing & combining time dependent data:

Manager Production &
Schedule - Production data
Completion - Well completions
Finder Data
Schedule Section
Include File
Black Oil or Comp.

Eclipse Data Eclipse Simulators
Fluid Flow Simulation
SCAL Saturation Funct. Eclipse
Sensitivity study during
Office Gradients SimOpt
history matching
PVTi PVT Functions
NWM
Sim. Results FloViz 3D Visualization
PlanOpt
VFPi VFP tables
Sim. Results GRAF Line Plots
SCAL
Rel. Permeability and Cap. Pressure Analysis
1.2 1.2
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
1 kro
1
Normalize
kro krw
Normalize
krw 0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6 0.4
0.4 0.2
0
0.2
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
WATER SATURATION
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
NORMALIZED WATER SATURATION
EPS
EPS
1
0.9
0.8 kro
0.7 krw
Reseroir Simulation Grid 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
WATER SATURATION
Swc 1-Sor
Rel.
Rel.Permeability
Permeability
PVTi
EOS PVT-Analysis & Simulation
PVTi
EOS PVT Analysis & Simulation
FVF
Creating
Creating
aaFluid
FluidSystem
System
Reseroir Simulation Grid
Simulating
Viscosity
Simulating
Experiments
Experiments
Pressure Depletion Export
Injection Study Fitting

Fitting
Match an
an EquationofofState
Equation State
Single Point
Separator
VFP 数据流
Well
WellDeviation
Deviation
Well
Well Tempera
Tempera
VFP
VFP 表
表
管径
管径流体属性
流体属性
Schedule
 Defines simulation wells, connections, vertical performance,

artificial lift, controls and limits.
 Defines groups, controls and limits.
 Defines networks, compressors, etc.
 Specifies time dependent data.
Schematic of Data Handling in Schedule
Simulation Grid Geological Model
Cell Properties
Wells Network
- Path Groups
-Tubulars CTF
- Chokes -Capacities
- Completions GGS
-Demands
- Workovers
- Production OCS
- Injection
OCS
Workflow
Geological Model
GEOFRAME
Grid Building
CPS3, F3D FloGrid
LPM, P3D
PETREL PVT-Data
PVTi
Data Analysis
Simulation Analysis
Rock Data
SCAL Office
ECLIPSE
Well &
Production Data Frontsim
Floviz
Schedule
• Project Manager
Wellbore
Well Data & Hydraulics • Edit Data
Production VFPi • Submit
FINDER • Report
Well Testing • 2D/3D Viewer
OFM Weltest ECLIPSE Office
History Matching (SimOpt)

ECLIPSE Office
An Interactive Simulation Desktop
What is ECLIPSE Office
Modular Simulation Desktop
 Simulation Desktop
 Platform Independence
 Case Manager
 Data Manager
 Run Manager
 Result Viewer
 Report Generator
 Workflow Tools
ECLIPSE Office
2D visualization enhancements
How does oil
See more detail in saturation change
this area with time in this
cell ?
Near Wellbore Model
Fast Detailed Local Studies
What is NWM? – Workflow Module
Case Studies: SPE 65149
SPE 66369
SPE 71828
Large Model
Define Volume of Interest
Generate Near Wellbore Model

Insert sector model into global model
Finished
Click to Advance
Animation
Position of Schedule in Simulation Workflow

GeoFrame Seismic
Markers
Finder Deviations
Grid Geometry &


Finder Data
Schedule Section
Include File
Black Oil or Comp.

history matching
PVTi PVT Functions
NWM
PlanOpt
VFPi VFP tables
ECLIPSE -Blackoil
 Most comprehensive list of features in
the industry
 1-, 2-, 3-phase models
 IMPES & fully-implicit solutions
 Dual porosity/permeability
 Rock compaction
 Vertical Equilibrium treatment
(ECLIPSE Blackoil Only)
 Advanced well controls/models
 Relative permeability and capillary
 World-wide standard in reservoir pressure scaling and hysteresis
simulation
ECLIPSE Compositional
…because not all oil is black
Comparing Blackoil and Compositional
 Oil and Gas phases are represented by multicomponent mixture

(single or binary component for Blackoil)
 Compatible and reliable PVT simulator(not required for Blackoil)
 Large CPU Requirement
Compositional Blackoil
When to use ECLIPSE Compositional?
 For reservoirs with:

 large compositional variations with depth or x-y direction
 temperature variations with depth
 For oilfield operations involving:
 Gas injection or recycling processes
 Recovery of condensates
 Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
 For operations requiring detailed description of the production
stream
FrontSim enables you to see more
With conventional saturation
display, you can see
something is happening…
• Improved
understanding
• Better decision
making
Comparing FrontSim and ECLIPSE
SPE 9 Blackoil model

 Different Numerical Techniques: 45,000
 ECLIPSE : finite difference simulators 40,000
Finite Difference
 FrontSim : Streamline Methods 35,000
FrontSim
CPU time in secs.

30,000
Benefits: 25,000
20,000
Faster simulations on large models 15,000
10,000
Front Tracking for oil / water 5,000
reservoirs(water break through) 0

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000
Fully integrated into ECLIPSE workflow Number of Cells in Model
Major oil companies usage (BP,

Chevron, Phillips)
Position of Schedule in Simulation Workflow

GeoFrame Seismic
Markers
Finder Deviations
Grid Geometry &


Finder Data
Schedule Section
Include File
Black Oil or Comp.

history matching
PVTi PVT Functions
NWM
PlanOpt
VFPi VFP tables
SimOpt
Assisted history-matching tool
Gradients
- Stop searching in the dark
Mismatch
Matched model
Initial model
Manual approach:
Run 1: Evaluate initial
model
Run 2: Investigate
increasing value?
Run 3: How much to
decrease?
Run 4: How much to
increase?
Parameter value
Etc.
Gradients
- Stop searching in the dark
Mismatch
Matched model
Initial model
Gradient approach:
Run 1: Evaluate initial
model and gradient
Run 2: Step towards
minimum (& get gradient)
Run 3: Step towards
minimum (& get gradient)
Etc.
Parameter value
SimOpt workflow
Requests required
output (& gradients)
Weltest ECLIPSE Modified
200 Office ECLIPSE
model
Exported
model
Initial
ECLIPSE
model ECLIPSE
Simulator
History
data SimOpt
User input: Results files

What to match? (inc. gradients)
What to modify?
FloViz
Cross-Platform 3D Visualisation
What is FloViz ?
 3D visualization tool used in the ECLIPSE

Suite of Products
 Stand-alone tool to view ECLIPSE and FrontSim
simulation results
 Component of other ECLIPSE products to
display data in 3D
e.g., OFFICE, FloGrid, SCAL, & Schedule
 Based on OpenGL-technology and runs on:
 Unix workstations
 PCs
 Large screen Unix visualization systems
 FloViz can display structured and unstructured
grids
Advanced ECLIPSE Options
 Geomechanics Enhancements
 Multi-Segment Wells

PC parallel on Linux Cluster
 Near Wellbore Modelling—NWM
 Unstructured Simulation Grids--PEBI Grid
 SimOpt With ECLIPSE4D
 PlanOpt
 What is it ?
 How it’s used

 Demo
Case Demo
• “A new project "
• "Data input & organization
• "Case definition"
• "Grid section"
• "PVT section"
• "SCAL section"
• "Initialization section"
• "Schedule section"
• "Summary section"
• "Run case"
• "Report generator"
• "Result viewer"
• "View summary data"
Problem Introduction
•We have a small oil reservoir that began production on

1 January 1995.
• Your initial job is to import an existing data set, edit the
data, save the project, run and monitor simulation, view
results vectors, and create reports.
Structure and Geology
•The reservoir is 5000 meters by 5000 meters and
60 meters thick.
• It has an anti-cline structure (see slides).
• The structure and grid were created in the Eclipse
GRID program,and input into the Eclipse data set in
the GRID section.
Numerical Grid
•The reservoir was sub-divided into a 10x10x4 grid.

•The numerical layers correspond to the geological
layers.
•The x-y dimension of the grid blocks is 500 m by
500 m.
3-D Structure of Reservoir
Layer Porosity Horiz. Perm Thickness (m)

Number (mD)
1 0.35 1000 5
2 0.3 5 10
3 0.25 300 15
4 0.2 100 30
• Layer 2 has numerous shale components.

• The geologists best guess of the average
permeability of the mix of sand and shale is 5 Md.
• The average Kv/K h ratio is 0.1.
• The top of the structure is approximately 2989 m
SSL.
• The lowers edge of the reservoir in the aquifer is
approximately 3090 m SSL.
Aquifer
•There is a aquifer attached to the edge of the
reservoir that provides an edge water drive.
•The geologist has estimated that the aquifer has a
volume of approximately 9 x 108 Sm3 of water and
the aquifer productivity index is approximately 500
sm3/day/bar.
• A analytical Fetkovich aquifer has be used to
represent the aquifer.
PVT Data, Fluid Contacts, and Initial Fluids in
Place
•A PVT description has been generated with the
Eclipse PVT program.
• A live oil and dead gas system has been defined.
•The bubble point pressure was determined as
331.65 barsa.
•The Rs at the bubble point was 477.91 sm3/sm3 ,
and the Rs at a depth of 4000 m SSL was
measured to be 486.60 sm3/sm3.
Place
•The datum depth is the GOC = 3000 m SSL where
the initial reservoir pressure is 331.65 barsa.
•The water-oil contact was measured to be 3085 m
SSL.
•A small gas cap exists at the top of the structure.
Place
•The reservoir has a
•Pore Volume of 360.8 x106 Rm3
•Initial Oil In Place of 51 x106 Sm3
•Initial Water in Place of 173.6 x106 Sm3
•Initial Free Gas in Place of 77.56 x106 Sm3
•Initial Solution Gas in place of 24.4 x109 Sm3
x -y V ie w o f 4 L a y e r s w ith In itia l W a te r S a tu r a tio n s
x -z C r o s s -s e c tio n w ith In itia l G a s S a tu r a tio n s
L ayer 1
L ayer 2
L ayer 3
L ayer 4
x -z C r o s s -s e c tio n w ith In itia l W a te r S a tu r a tio n s

J u ly 0 3 7
J u ly 0 3 9
J u ly 0 3 8
Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure
• The relative permeability and capillary pressure

were measured in the laboratory and are plotted in
attached slides.
• The connate water saturation is 0.22.
• The critical/residual oil saturation in water is 0.35.
• The critical oil saturation in gas with connate water
is 0.2.
• The critical gas saturation is 0.04.
O il-W a te r R e la tiv e P e r m e a b ility G a s -O il R e la tiv e P e r m e a b ility
J u ly 0 3 P
15 co w an d P c o J gu l y 03 16
J u ly 0 3 17
Wells, Completions, Injection and Production
Rates
• Two production wells were drilled at locations 8,5
(called P85) and 3,5 (called P35)
• Both completed in layers 2 and 3.
•The producers operate, during the history, at a
constant oil production rate of 1300 Sm3/day.
• A water injection well and gas injection well were
also drilled.
•The water injection well was shut during the history.
Wells, Completions, Injection and Production
Rates
• The gas injection well called INJG was located in
position 5,5 and completed in layer 1 in the gas cap.
• The gas injector re-injects 1,000,000 Sm3/day of
the produced gas.
• This was designed to help maintain the reservoir
pressure.
Case Demo
• "Case management "
• "Data manager
• "Case definition"
• "Grid section"
• "PVT section"
• "SCAL section"
• "Initialization section"
• "Schedule section"
• "Summary section"
• "Run manager"
• "Report generator"
• "Result viewer"
• "View summary data"

Reservoir Simulation and ECLISPE

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Reservoir Simulation and

 How it’s used

• How many wells

• Numerical model of reservoir made up of an array

 Input data:  History matching:

 Results reported for each time  Prediction:

Simulation studies usually consist of the following

- Fine grid modeling

 How it’s used

Predict and investigate different scenarios

FloViz optmize future visualize results

8. Rock Properties Kr versus S, pcow,

Create: Structural Framework

3D Geol. Model Struct. & Prop.

Grid Geometry &

OilField Well Preparing & combining time dependent data:

Black Oil or Comp.

Pressure Depletion Export

Injection Study Fitting

 Defines simulation wells, connections, vertical performance,

History Matching (SimOpt)

Define Volume of Interest

Generate Near Wellbore Model

3D Geol. Model Struct. & Prop.

Grid Geometry &

OilField Well Preparing & combining time dependent data:

Black Oil or Comp.

…because not all oil is black

 Oil and Gas phases are represented by multicomponent mixture

 Large CPU Requirement

 For reservoirs with:

With conventional saturation

SPE 9 Blackoil model

 ECLIPSE : finite difference simulators 40,000

CPU time in secs.

Faster simulations on large models 15,000

Front Tracking for oil / water 5,000

reservoirs(water break through) 0

Fully integrated into ECLIPSE workflow Number of Cells in Model

Major oil companies usage (BP,

3D Geol. Model Struct. & Prop.

Grid Geometry &

OilField Well Preparing & combining time dependent data:

Black Oil or Comp.

User input: Results files

 3D visualization tool used in the ECLIPSE

 How it’s used

•We have a small oil reservoir that began production on

•The reservoir was sub-divided into a 10x10x4 grid.

Layer Porosity Horiz. Perm Thickness (m)

• Layer 2 has numerous shale components.

x -z C r o s s -s e c tio n w ith In itia l W a te r S a tu r a tio n s

• The relative permeability and capillary pressure

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