GROUP 3

CHILDHOOD
NUTRITONAL NEEDS
Group Members:
Abigail G. Barabona
Lorie Ann N. Aguaje
Fhoebe Lyn I. Japitan
Audrey T. Baraquia
“THE FOOD YOU EAT CAN BE EITHER
THE SAFEST AND MOST POWERFUL
FORM OF MEDICINE OR THE SLOWEST
FORM OF POISON”

-UNKNOWN
 CHILDHOOD
 These is a period of life from age 1 to 12 years old.
 These is the phase or stage where in eating healthy foods is very essential to
make the growth and development of a one child become faster. Because these
is where in the body becomes proportionate(6-12 years old.)
 Childhood stage these is the last period where girls and boys are close in size
and body proportions. As the long bones continue to grow, leg length increase.
Fat gives way to the muscles, and the child appears learner. Body organs and
the immune system mature, resulting in fewer illness among school age
children.
 PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

The nutritional needs of the pre-school child differ from those of the adult:

There is a larger requirement for growth so there is a greater need for proteins,
vitamins, and minerals.
The preschoolers' activities are proportionally higher than those of the adults so
the preschoolers' calorie allowances per unit body weight must be increased.
The selection of foods requires some modifications especially for young children.
Childhood presents a period of rapidly changing attitudes and emotional
development-a period when food habits can be most favorably channeled.
FUNCTIONS OF DIET FOR A CHILD:

Diet provides fuel for the child’s muscular activity

It supplies the necessary chemical elements and compounds that the child’s
body requires for building materials and repairing worn-out tissues.

Eating generally gives pleasure and satisfaction to the child.

 FOOD NEEDS OF PRE-
SCHOOL CHILDREN

During the pre-school period (2-6 years), the physical growth of a child is slow that a
decrease in weight may even be observed while the overall emotional, social, and
intellectual development is fast. A child is very receptive to learning at this stage.
He/She continues to have food preferences and prejudices which have a great influence
on his/her eating habits.
His/Her desire for food is erratic. The child’s appetite wanes. Between the second and
third years he/she may not gain an ounce for weeks or even months. As the child further
grows, he/she becomes more independent and selective, making him/her more vulnerable
to nutritional deficiencies.
 The “won’t-eat era” should not alarm parents. It is expected in a normal
child’s development. It could be harder on the parents than on the child.
At this time, parents must be careful not to foster poor eating habits by
urging, forcing, or even bribing the child to eat. Appetite usually tends to
improve as the child approaches school age.
 The dietary requirements for a pre-school child vary widely even within
an age growth; the small frame
versus the large frame; the boy versus the girl; the short versus the tall.
The recommended energy and
nutrient intake is intended for two groups-1 to 3-year-olds and 4 to 6-
year-olds-and is based on the
needs of the mean age in each group (2 and 5) and of two weight
averages and moderate activity.
 NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES

1.Calories- The energy need of the

pre-school child is determined by
age, activity, and basal
metabolism. About 55% of total
calorie needs go to metabolic
activities, 25% to physical
activity, 12% to growth needs,
and 8% fecal loss. If the child’s
diet lacks calories, the body will
utilize the proteins for energy,
resulting in protein calorie
malnutrition (PCM). If protein is
also not adequate, tissue reserves
are used for energy and body-
building needs leading to
marasmus.
 NUTRITION ALLOWANCE
CONTI…
2. Protein- About 1.5 to 2g/kg of body 4. Fluids- The total fluid requirement of a
weight is required. The child’s protein healthy child is 4 to 6 glasses, one to one-
requirement is relatively higher in and-half quarts or 1,000 to 1500 mL.
relation to body weight than that of the
adult. The RENI indicates that the
protein need per kilogram of body 3. Vitamins and Minerals- These are
weight decreases. The protein likewise essential for normal growth and
requirements are relatively high for development.
periods of rapid growth and lower
during periods of slow growth.
 MEAL PLANNING FOR PRE-
SCHOOL
The kind and amount of food the child eats effects his/her physical and mental well-being.
Good nutrition during the pre-school age is important to his/her future. This is the time when
the child needs adequate food to grow and build his/her body, to exert/ spend plenty of energy
of play, and to help him/her fight common infection. Good nutrition helps keep the child
healthy, happy, and physically fit as well as mentally alert.
During the pre-school years, food habits are formed. The child gets to like the foods that are
usually served to him/her by his/her mother. Introducing the child early to good nutrition will
help shape his/her food habits in later years. Like everybody else, children need to eat three
different meals at regular times of the day. Snacks like glazed yellow kamote or boiled yellow
corn or fresh fruits are more nutritious than candies or soft drinks.
Pre-school children are active. They should eat energy foods. Like corn, rice, bread, yellow
kamote, or gabi to keep then on the go.
 Mash yellow kamote or potatoes with mixed vegetables; roll in beaten egg and fried.
 Serve noodle soups with carrots and leafy greens.
Fats and oils also supply heat and energy. In addition, fats help keep skin smooth and help the
body
make use of vitamin A.
 Use fats in meals or snacks. Butter or margarine or other fats make food tastier.
 Boil coconut milk, sweeten with sugar, and add cubed yellow kamote. Cook until it softens.
Give at least 1 cup of whole milk daily. You may use:
 Fresh whole milk (Carabao, cow, or goat)- simmer for 30 minutes to make it last longer.
 Powdered whole milk- four levels tbsp. powdered whole milk and water are enough to make 1
cup of whole milk.
 Dried beans and legumes such as munggo and soybeans have almost the same body-building
substances found in fish, meat, poultry, or eggs. For good nutrition, cook beans and legumes
with a small amount of fish and meat and serve it with rice.
 Mash boiled munggo or other dried beans and add milk and sugar.
 Add raw egg to lugaw as soon as it is cooked. Stir well. The heat will cook the egg.
 Form chopped meat or flaked fish and mashed beans into patterns or balls and serve as
omelette or soup.
 Green leafy vegetables and yellow vegetables such as malunggay, kamote tops, kangkong,
pechay, carrot and squash have more vitamins and minerals the child needs for good eyesight,
clean skin, and healthy hair.
 Other vegetables like sitaw, abitsuelas, sigarilyas, and patani also promote growth and make the
child fit.
FRUITS GIVE A VARIETY OF NUTRIENTS FOR GOOD
HEALTH. CITRUS FRUITS LIKE SUHA AND DALANGHITA
ARE GOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN C THAT:

 Keep the child’s gums healthy

 Prevent his/her skin from bruising easily; and
 Help the body fight infections and foreign substnaces.
 Fresh fruits are good for snacks or desserts. Serve fruits that are ripe, fresh, free
from bruises
 and other defects, and in season. Serve them in different forms, as juice or
shaped into cubes,
 balls, and rings.
 SAMPLE MENU
CHILDREN AGED 1 TO 3 YEARS

Breakfast Lunch
 2 tbsp papaya  Pochero (1 cm meat cube, ½ cup pechay and 2
tbsp string beans)
 ½ cup cooked rice
 ¾ cup cooked rice
 ½ fried egg
 2tbsp banana
 2tsp sugar

PM Snack
AM Snack
 ¼ cup milk
 2 to 3 small pcs. Pandesal with margarine
 1 small diced yellow kamote
 ¼ cup milk
 2tsp sugar
 2tsp sugar
 SAMPLE MENU
CHILDREN AGED 1 TO 3 YEARS

Dinner
 1 small fish paksiw
 ¼ cup ginisang munggo w/ malunggay leaves
 ½ cup cooked rice
 1 ¾ tbsp. mango
 FEEDING PROBLEMS
The child is eating too little The child is eating too much

Causes Causes
 The child likes few foods (picky eaters).  Heredity
 Appetite is lost because of too much parental  Temperament
urging.
 Appetite
 The child is tired of the same foods eaten every
day.  Mother’s insistence on a “clean plate”

Remedies Remedies

  Go slow in adding new foods. Start the meal  Refrain from serving rich foods like cakes,
with foods he/she likes best pastries, pies, and ice cream.

  Serve less than what he/she will eat

  Prepare simple dishes like sinigang or tinola
 FEEDING PROBLEMS
The child has aversion The child has allergies
Remedies
Causes
 Give fruits as substitutes of vegetables
 Chemicals in the air
 Mix vegetables with familiar foods like noodles
and eggs or stuff them inside mashed potato  Food preservatives
or kamote  Food coloring
 Give milk through halo-halo, leche flan, Remedies
gulaman, pinipig, mais con yelo, or breakfast  Monitor nutrient intake
cereals.
 Make food substitutions.
 FEEDING PROBLEMS
The child is dawdling during The child’s gagging especially when
mealtime fed coarse foods

Causes Cause
 The child may be trying to get someone’s attention  The child lacks proper training in eating chopped
 The child may not be feeling well foods

 The child may have been given proportions which  Remedies

are too big
Remedies
 Have the child regularly checked by a pediatrician
 Avoid fussing over him/her
 Let the child enjoy eating
 Encourage self-feeding
 Put a child in a well-ventilated bright clean
eating place. Provide the child with a colorful plate,
an eye-catching cup, and utensils which he/she can
manage easily.
 INDICATIONS OF GOOD NUTRITION
1. Weight
 First-degree malnutrition: 10% less than the standard for age and sex

 Second-degree malnutrition: 25% less than the standard for age and sex
 Third-degree malnutrition: 40% less than the standard for age and sex

2.Clinical posture: Erect

 Arms and legs: Straight
 Abdomen: In

 Chest: Out
 Head: Normal size

 Skeletons: With no malformations

 Teeth: Straight without crowding in a well-shaped jaw (6 years of age= 24 teeth)
 SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

 The period between 7 and 12 years is characterized by a slow, steady growth,

increased body proportions, enhanced mental capabilities, and more mind and
body coordination. Body reserves are being laid down in preparation for the
increased needs during the adolescent stage. Growth rates vary within this
period. Girls usually correct the discrepancies with boys, by the latter part of the
pre-adolescent stage when the 10-12-year-old reference girls weigh 3kg more
than the boys of similar age. The gain weight averages 1.8-3.1 kg annually.
 NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES
1. Calories – allowances decline to about 80 to 90 kcal/kg for children 7 to 9 years old and
70 to 80 kcal/kg for children aged 10 to 12 years.

2. Protein – approximately 37 g of protein is recommended daily for children 7 to 9 years old

and 43 to 48 g for children aged 10 to 12 years.

3. Vitamins and Minerals – as most girls start to menstruate at the age of 11 or 12, iron
allowance should consider the 1.4 mg/day of menstrual loss. Philippine RENI set ascorbic acid
allowance at 35 mg for children 7 to 9 years old and 45 mg for children aged 10 to 12 years.
Per unit of weight, growing children may need 2 to 4 times as much calcium as done an adult.
At levels 500 to 1,000of calcium daily in the diet, children show maximum retention. The USA
RDA recommends 120 mcg of iodine for children 7 to 10 years old.
 FEEDING THE SCHOOL
CHILD
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 2. SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT

 a. more confident; express own food a. Improve the nutrition of school

choices children by providing them with
wholesome food at the lowest
 b. strong urge to eat what his/her
reasonable cost
friends eat
b. Aid in strengthening the nutrition
and health education program of the
public schools
c. Foster proper eating habits
 FEEDING THE SCHOOL
CHILD
3. FOOD PREFERENCES

a. Eats wider variety of foods and has more food likes and dislikes
b. Wants simple and plain dishes
c. Eats what most adults eat
d. Develops fondness for food products seen in TV commercials and
appetite for the favourite food of his/ Celebrity idol.
 FEEDING PROBLEMS
A good breakfast should consist of the
1. The child receives inadequate meals. following:
 Breakfast which provides ¼ to 1/3 of the daily
nutrient allowances is often missed or hurriedly
eaten by school children.  Vitamin C-rich fruits like papaya
Cause  Cereal like oatmeal or fried rice or
 Nothing to eat Pan de sal
 Late bed riser  Protein-rich food like egg , tuyo,
 Arrival of school bus cheese, or milk
 Fear of being late for school
 Rush in preparing oneself for school
 FEEDING PROBLEMS
2. The child has poor appetite
Causes
 Demanding school works
 Tiring extracurricular activities
 New outdoor experiences
 Confections and soft drinks in school
Remedies
 School cafeterias should offer nutritious
and inexpensive snacks
 Carbohydrate-rich snack products which
provides little or no vitamins and
minerals must be replaced with milk and
fruit beverages, turon, munggo, peanuts,
fresh fruits, and bread.
 FEEDING PROBLEMS
3. The child has sweet tooth

Causes

 Hungry growing bodies recognize the need for extra calories.

 Parents gives sweets as rewards or pasalubong to kids
 INDICATION OF GOOD
NUTRITION
Skin: Smooth, slightly moist with a healthy glow
Eyes: Clear, bright, with no signs of fatigue
Hair: Shiny
Muscles: Firm
Gums: Light pink in color
Lips: Moist
Tongue: Without lesions
 “Those who think they have no time for
healthy eating will sooner or later have to
find time for illness.”

-unknown
END!!!