UNIT-2:IoT Architecture (6Hrs)

• IoT Layered Architecture

• Architectural and building block of IoT
• Networking and Communication
– Wired & Wireless connectivity and technology
– IoT and Wireless Sensor Network
• NFC
• RFID
• ZigBee.

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 SENSOR/CONTROL NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
• Networks form by themselves, scale to large sizes and
operate for years without manual intervention
• Extremely long battery life (years on AA cell),
– low infrastructure cost (low device & setup costs)
– low complexity and small size
• Low device data rate and QoS
• Standardized protocols allow multiple vendors to
interoperate
 ZigBee
• A WSN consists of many inexpensive wireless
sensors, which are capable of collecting, storing,
processing environmental information, and
communicating with neighboring nodes.
• tiny sensors can communicate through wireless
links
• ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 protocols are developed to
allow different systems to work together

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 ZIGBEE?
• The IEEE 802.15.4 covers the physical layer
and the MAC layer of low-rate WPAN.
• The ZigBee is “an emerging standard that is
based on the IEEE 802.15.4 and adds network
construction (star networks, peer-to-
peer/mesh networks, and cluster-tree
networks), application services, and more”.
 ZigBee
• ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 is a global hardware and
software standard
• designed for WSN requiring high reliability, low
cost, low power, scalability,and low data rate
• The ZigBee alliance is to work on the
interoperability issues of ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
protocol stacks

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 ZIGBEE ALLIANCE
• Organized as an independent, neutral, nonprofit
corporation in 2002
• Open and global
• Anyone can join and participate
• Membership is global
• Activity includes
• Specification creation
• Certification and compliance programs
• Branding, market development, and user education
 WHY ZIGBEE?
• Standards based
• Low cost
• Can be used globally
• Reliable and self healing
• Supports large number of nodes
• Easy to deploy
• Very long battery life
• Secure
 DEFINITION OF IEEE 802.15.4 STANDARD

• IEEE Std 802.15.4 defines the physical layer

(PHY) and medium access control (MAC)
sublayer specifications for low-data-rate
wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and
moving devices with no battery or very limited
battery consumption requirements typically
operating in the personal operating space
(POS) of 10 m. It is foreseen that, depending
on the application, a longer range at a lower
data rate may be an acceptable tradeoff.
 The IEEE 802 Wireless Space
WWAN IEEE 802.22

IEEE 802.20
WMAN
Range

WiMax
IEEE 802.16
WLAN WiFi
ZigBee 802.11
802.15.4 802.15.3
Bluetooth
WPAN 15.4c 802.15.3c
802.15.1

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

ZigBee standard uniquely fills a gap Data Rate (Mbps)
for low data rate applications
 IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee

Application Customer

API – “the software”

Security – Network, Security &
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee
Application layers
Alliance
Network – Brand management
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
IEEE 802.15.4
MAC
IEEE – “the hardware”
PHY 802.15.4
– Physical & Media
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz
Access Control layers
Silicon Stack App
 ZIGBEE PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE

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 Physical Layer
• closest layer to the hardware, which control and
communicate with the radio transceiver directly
• It handles all tasks involving
– the access to the ZigBee hardware
– initialization of the hardware
– channel selection,
– link quality estimation
– energy detection measurement
– clear channel assessment to assist the channel
selection
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 Physical Layer
• Supports three frequency bands
– 2.45GHz band which using16 channels
– 915MHz band which using 10 channels
– 868MHz band using 1 channel.
• All three using Direct Spread Spectrum
Sequencing (DSSS) access mode

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 Physical Layer
• Packet Fields
 Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
 Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits)
 PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length
 PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field

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 MAC Layer

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 IEEE 802.15.4 DEVICE TYPES
• The IEEE 802.15.4 standard (2003) defines the
device types that can be used in a LR-WPAN
which are Full Functional Device (FFD) and
Reduced Functional Device (RFD).
• The RFD can be used in simple applications in
which they do not need to transmit large
amounts of data and they have to
communicate only with a specific FFD
 IEEE 802.15.4 DEVICE TYPES
• The FFD can work as a PAN coordinator, as a
coordinator, or as a simple device. It can
communicate with either another FFD or a
RFD.
 LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES
• In keeping with the application requirements, the LR-
WPAN operates in a star or peer-to-peer topology.

• The star topology the RFD communicates with a

single controller, the PAN coordinator.

• The PAN coordinator can perform the same function

as the RFD, but it is also responsible for controlling
the PAN; “it initiates, terminates, or routes
communication around the network”
 ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS
security
HVAC TV
AMR VCR
lighting control DVD/CD
access control
ZigBee remote

Wireless Control that

Simply Works
patient
monitoring
fitness
monitoring PERSONAL PC &
HEALTH CARE PERIPHERALS

TELECOM
SERVICES
asset mgt security
process m-commerce HVAC
control info services lighting control
environmental object interaction access control
energy mgt (Internet of Things) irrigation