EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

General histology
‫سمر حميد خليل‬
Group B
 Ileum
Introduction
The ileum (/ˈɪliəm/) is the final section of the
small intestine in most
higher vertebrates, including mammals,
reptiles, and birds. In
fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as c
lear and the terms
posterior intestine or distal intestine
may be used instead of ileum.[2] Its main function
is to absorb
vitamin B12,
bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that
Structure 
The ileum is the third and final part of the small
intestine. It follows the jejunum and ends at the
ileocecal junction, where the
terminal ileum communicates with the
cecum of the large intestine through the
ileocecal
valve. The ileum, along with the jejunum, is su
spended inside the
mesentery, a
peritoneal formation that carries the blood vesse
ls supplying them (the
 There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the 
ileum. There are, however, subtle differences between the
two:[3]The ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the
jejunum.The diameter of its
lumen is smaller and has thinner walls than the jejunum.Its
al part of th
ains
lymphoid tissue, only the ileum has abundant
Peyer's patches, unencapsulated
lymphoid nodules that contain large numbers of
lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.
 Histology 
he four layers that make up the wall of the ileum are consistent with those of
the
gastrointestinal tract. From the inner to the outer surface, these are:[4]:589A
mucous membrane, itself formed by three different layers:A single layer of
tall cells that line the lumen of the organ. The
epithelium that forms the innermost part of the mucosa has five distinct type
s of cells that serve different purposes, these are:
enterocytes with microvilli, which digest and absorb nutrients;
goblet cells, which secrete
mucin, a substance that lubricates the wall of the organ; Paneth
cells, most common in the terminal part of the ileum, are only found at the
bottom of the
intestinal glands and release antimicrobial substances such as alpha
defensins and lysozyme;[5] microfold cells, which take up and transport
submucosa formed by A 
dense irregular connective tissue that carries the larger
blood vessels and a nervous component called
submucosal plexus, which is part of the
enteric nervous system.An
external muscular layer formed by two layers of

myenteric plexus, formed by nervous tissue and also a part of

the
enteric nervous system.A serosa composed of
mesothelium, a single layer of
flat cells with varying quantities of underlying connective and
Development 
The small intestine develops from the midgut of the
primitive gut tube.[6] By the fifth week of
embryological life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast
rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the
primary intestinal loop. The
proximal half of this loop will form the ileum. The loop grows so
fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes throug
h the
umbilicus. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen.
Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates
anticlockwise
, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180
Function 
The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B12,
bile salts, and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by
the jejunum. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of which has ma
ny tiny finger-like projections known as
villi on its surface. In turn, the epithelial cells that line these villi posse
ss even larger numbers of
microvilli. Therefore, the ileum has an extremely large surface area b
oth for the
adsorption (attachment) of enzyme molecules and for the
absorption of products of
digestion. The DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system) cells of the ileu
m secrete various hormones (
gastrin, secretin,
cholecystokinin) into the blood. Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete
the
protease and carbohydrase
 The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take 
the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to
hepatic portal vein and the liver. the
are small lymph vessels, and are present in vil
bsorb
fatty acid and
products of fat digestion. Layers of circula
dinal
smooth muscle enable the
shed
calle
In veterinary anatomy, the ileum is distinguished from 
the jejunum by being that portion of the jejunoileum
caecum by the that is connected to the
the dog the ileal orifice is located at the level of the 
first or second lumbar vertebra, in the ox in the level
of the fourth lumbar vertebrae, in the sheep and goat
at the level of the caudal point of the costal arch.[9] By
active muscular contraction of the ileum, and closure
of the ileal opening as a result of engorgement, the
ileum prevents the backflow of ingesta and the
equalization of pressure between jejunum and the
base of the cecum. Disturbance of this sensitive
balance is not uncommon and is one of the causes of
colic in horses. During any intestinal surgery, for
instance, during appendectomy, distal 2 feet of ileum
should be checked for the presence of Meckel's
.diverticulum
References 
Nosek, Thomas M. Essentials of Human Physiology. Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30^ Guillaume,
Jean; Praxis Publishing; Sadasivam Kaushik; Pierre Bergot; Robert Metailler (2001).
Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans. Springer. p. 31. ISBN 1-85233-241-7. ISBN 
9781852332419. Retrieved 2009-01-09.^ a b Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM (2013).
Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 241–246. ISBN 
978-1-4511-8447-1.^ a b c Ross M, Pawlina W (2011).
Histology: A Text and Atlas. Sixth edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 
978-0-7817-7200-6.^ Santaolalla R, Fukata M, Abreu MT (2011).
"Innate immunity in the small intestine". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 27
(12): 125–131. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283438dea. PMC 3502877. PMID 21248635.^ a b
Schoenwolf, Gary C.; Bleyl
, Steven B.; Brauer, Philip R.; Francis-West, Philippa H. (2009). "Development of the Uroge
nital system".
Larsen's human embryology
(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 237. ISBN 9780443068119.
 .Sagar J.; Kumar V.; Shah D. K. (2006) 
"Meckel's diverticulum: A systematic review".
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (10): 501–505. doi:
10.1258/jrsm.99.10.501. PMC 1592061. PMID 17021300.^

Histopathology. 38 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01070.x.

PMID 11135039.^
viscera of the domesti
k, USA.[
page needed]
Thank you