How Organisms Obtain and Utilize Energy

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• What do you notice about this picture?

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• Carbohydrates are one of the most important food sources for
animals. If carbohydrates are stored, then its potential as a
source of energy is null. Carbohydrates must be broken down
into sugar and produce ATP that will act as a fuel essential for
cell's activities and processes.
• The same thing happens when you put a coin in a machine
slot, the machine slot will not accept it unless it is a token
because the machine slot was made to read the token, not the
coin.

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Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration is a process of energy conversion where
carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and ATP. There
are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic
respiration and anaerobic respiration.

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Aerobic Respiration
• This occurs when glucose is broken down in the presence of
oxygen. This is divided into three stages: glycolysis, Kreb's
cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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A. Glycolysis
• It is a process where glucose is broken down into pyruvic
acids.
• It takes place in the cytoplasm.
• Two ATP and NADPH are produced.
• This can happen with or without oxygen.

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B. Kreb's Cycle
• This happens in the mitochondria.
• Kreb's cycle requires oxygen.
• When a pyruvic acid loses CO2CO2, it produces acetyl-CoA
which oxidizes to form CO2CO2, ATP, and other compounds
(NADH and FADH2).

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C. Oxidative phosphorylation
• Phosphorylation is the process where electrons are combined with
another molecule from the ATP.
• The main goal is to transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to
produce ATP.
• The final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is the
oxygen. The oxygen accepts the electrons to produce water within
the mitochondrial matrix.
• Two steps are involved: electron transport chain (ETC)
and chemiosmosis.
• ETC transports electrons but produces no ATP.
• In chemiosmosis, ATP synthase is driven by protons to produce
ATP.
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Anaerobic Respiration
• This occurs in the absence of oxygen and glucose is broken
down to ATP. There are two types of anaerobic
respiration: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.

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A. Alcoholic Fermentation
• Glucose is converted to alcohol. This type of fermentation
does not occur in humans. It usually occurs in bacteria and
yeast.

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B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• This occurs in the human body when oxygen in the muscles is
used up and the muscles still require more energy, thus
producing lactic acid. This is especially evident during intense
physical exercises or movements.

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Explore!
• You have a paper in Biology due next week. Since the deadline
is still next week, you procrastinated. At the day of the
deadline, you rushed to finish your paper. You wanted to finish
it but it feels like you can't think anymore. Based on the
situation, what is the role of cellular respiration in your body's
condition?

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Try it!
• Place 1212 teaspoon of yeast in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add
40 mL of vinegar to the flask then cover the flask tightly with a
balloon. Observe what happens to the balloon. What does this
prove?

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What do you think?
• Why is cellular respiration important for one to maintain life?

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Key Points
• Cellular respiration is a process of energy conversion where carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and
ATP.
• There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
• Aerobic respiration occurs when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen. This has three
stages: glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Glycolysis is a process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvic acids, ATP, and NADPH.
• In Kreb's cycle, pyruvic acids produce acetyl-CoA to form CO2 and ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and glucose is broken down to energy.
• Two types of anaerobic respiration: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.
• In alcohol fermentation, glucose is converted to alcohol.
• Lactic acid fermentation leads to the production of lactic acid in the human body when oxygen in the muscles is
used up and still requires more energy.

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