Lesson 5.4 and 5.

5 How Organisms Obtain and Utilize

Energy/ Organisms Require Energy to Carry Out
Functions Required for Life

Bioenergetics

Jayson C. Porras
Teacher
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to

• describe how organisms obtain and utilize energy and

• recognize that organisms require energy to carry out
functions required for life.
What do you notice about this picture?
• Carbohydrates are one of the most important food
sources for animals. If carbohydrates are stored, then its
potential as a source of energy is null. Carbohydrates
must be broken down into sugar and produce ATP that
will act as a fuel essential for cell's activities and
processes. The same thing happens when you put a coin
in a machine slot, the machine slot will not accept it
unless it is a token because the machine slot was made
to read the token, not the coin.
Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration is a process of energy conversion

where carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and
ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic
respiration and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration

• This occurs when glucose is broken down in the presence

of oxygen. This is divided into three stages: glycolysis,
Kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
A. Glycolysis
• It is a process where glucose is broken down into pyruvic
acids.
• It takes place in the cytoplasm.
• Two ATP and NADPH are produced.
• This can happen with or without oxygen.
B. Kreb's Cycle
• This happens in the mitochondria.
• Kreb's cycle requires oxygen.
• When a pyruvic acid loses CO2, it produces acetyl-CoA
which oxidizes to form CO2, ATP, and other compounds
(NADH and FADH2).
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
• Phosphorylation is the process where electrons are
combined with another molecule from the ATP.
• The main goal is to transfer electrons from NADH and
FADH2 to produce ATP.
• The final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is
the oxygen. The oxygen accepts the electrons to produce
water within the mitochondrial matrix.
• Two steps are involved: electron transport chain (ETC)
and chemiosmosis.
• ETC transports electrons but produces no ATP.
• In chemiosmosis, ATP synthase is driven by protons to
produce ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration

• This occurs in the absence of oxygen and glucose is

broken down to ATP. There are two types of anaerobic
respiration: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
A. Alcoholic Fermentation
• Glucose is converted to alcohol. This type of fermentation
does not occur in humans. It usually occurs in bacteria
and yeast.
B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• This occurs in the human body when oxygen in the
muscles is used up and the muscles still require more
energy, thus producing lactic acid. This is especially
evident during intense physical exercises or movements.
Explore!

• You have a paper in Biology due next week. Since the

deadline is still next week, you procrastinated. At the day
of the deadline, you rushed to finish your paper. You
wanted to finish it but it feels like you can't think anymore.
Based on the situation, what is the role of cellular
respiration in your body's condition?
Try it!

• Place 12 teaspoon of yeast in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask.

Add 40 mL of vinegar to the flask then cover the flask
tightly with a balloon. Observe what happens to the
balloon. What does this prove?
What do you think?

• Why is cellular respiration important for one to maintain

life?
Key Points

• Cellular respiration is a process of energy conversion

where carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and
ATP.
• There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic
respiration and anaerobic respiration.
• Aerobic respiration occurs when glucose is broken down
in the presence of oxygen. This has three stages:
glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Glycolysis is a process by which glucose is broken down
into pyruvic acids, ATP, and NADPH.
• In Kreb's cycle, pyruvic acids produce acetyl-CoA to form
CO2 and ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen
and glucose is broken down to energy.
• Two types of anaerobic respiration: alcoholic and lactic
acid fermentation.
• In alcohol fermentation, glucose is converted to alcohol.
• Lactic acid fermentation leads to the production of lactic
acid in the human body when oxygen in the muscles is
used up and still requires more energy.
Test Question

1. Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

occur?

A. cytoplasm
B. golgi apparatus
C. nucleus
D. mitochondrion
2. Which is the actual product of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A. acetyl-CoA
B. acetate
C. NAD
D. pyruvate
3. Which is the final electron acceptor in the oxidative
phosphorylation?

A. acetyl-CoA
B. water
C. oxygen
D. carbon dioxide
4. All of the following are the products of fermentation
except ____.

A. starch
B. alcohol
C. gas
D. acid
5. Which is the product of glycolysis?

A. ethanol
B. lactic acid
C. NADH
D. pyruvic acid
6. If there are 24 pyruvic acids after glycolysis, how many
glucose molecules were broken down?

A. 12
B. 24
C. 36
D. 48
7. If there are 3 glucose molecules, how many ATP will be
produced after glycolysis?

A. 3
B. 9
C. 6
D. 2
8. You eat a fruit high in glucose content. How could a
glucose molecule from the fruit provide energy to a part of
your body?

A. The glucose will react to become ATP.

B. The energy of the glucose is transferred to other
molecules.
C. The glucose is transported to all parts of the body.
D. The glucose is digested into simpler molecules
containing more energy.
9. Mario lost a lot of weight by eating a low calorie diet.
What happened to the mass?

A. It was transformed into ATP molecules.

B. It was transformed to energy and used up by the body.
C. It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from
the body.
D. It was released as carbon dioxide and water.
10. How many net ATPs will be produced by the breakdown
of 42 glucose molecules after the oxidative
phosphorylation?

A. 1120
B. 1260
C. 1512
D. 1872