M.Tech Project

Congestion Alleviation Using Reactive Power
Compensation In Radial Distribution Systems
By
A. Sharath Kumar
14071D8302
Power Systems
Under the Supervisor of

Dr.T.Nireekshana
Assistant professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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CONTENTS
● Introduction
● Distribution system
● Radial distribution system
● What is congestion
● Congestion management techniques
● Reactive power compensation using shunt capacitor
● Problem identification and procedure
1) finding congested line using reactive loading index

2) optimal location
3) optimal size of capacitor
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CONTENTS
● Simulation and results

1) IEEE 12 bus distribution system
i) base case
ii) with two capacitors
i) base case
i) base case
● References
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Introduction
 Congestion is a major problem in the power system which

leads to operate the system at reliable and secure failues.
 In congestion the power flow over a transmission or
distribution network element that exceeds the available
capacity for the network.
 Some unexpected contingencies such as generation outage,
tripping of transmission line, sudden increase of load demand
leads to congestion.
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2
Congestion Management Techniques
 Out aging of congested lines.

 Operation of transformer taps or phase shifter.
 Operation of facts devices and capacitors.
 Rescheduling of power generation.
 Load shedding or curtailment of load.
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Distribution system
 the distribution system is derived from electrical system which

is substation ally fed by the consumer’s premises and the
transmission system. It generally consists of feeders, laterals
(circuit-breakers),distributors and the service mains.
According to scheme of operation, distribution system may be
classified as
1) Radial distribution system

2) Ring main system
3) Interconnected system.
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2
Radial distribution system
● The feeders, distributors and service mains are radiating away

from the substation hence name given as radial system. There
are combinations of one distributor and one feeder, connecting
that distributor to the substation.
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2
● Due to such system, if the fault occurs either on feeder or a
distributor, all the consumers connected to that distributor will
get affected. There would be an interruption of supply to all
such consumers.
● The consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be
subjected to the voltage variations and fluctuations, as the load
on the distributor changes and is because of congestion of the
branch.
● So that it is very important to over come these problems in
Radial distribution systems by considering without violation
of generator limits as an objective.
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Reactive Loading Index
 A distribution system consists of 2 numbers of nodes. Normally, a number of
branches are series connected to form a radial feeder in low voltage distribution
system which is shown in Figure 1. Consider branch i in Figure 1 which is
connected between buses 1 and 2(where 1 is closer to the source or generator
bus).
the current flowing through the line equals to
we can write load reactive power as
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The load reactive power becomes maximum when the following condition
becomes satisfied.
Hence, 4
Putting the value of in equation (2),
we get maximum value of load reactive power .Hence, 5
From equation (5), we can write 6
Hence the LHS of equation (6) may be considered as reactive loading index of the system that varies
between sinα at no load and zero at maximum reactive power. Thus
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By considering we can write from equation (7)
Here , 9
is defined as the reactive loading index of the branch .
The reactive loading index is a proposed method for determining the congested branch of
a radial distribution system. The receiving end node of the congested line will be the
optimal node for capacitor placement .
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Reactive Power Compensation using shunt capacitor
 The application of shunt capacitor in distribution feeders has

always been an important research area. It is because a portion
of power loss in distribution systems could be reduced by
adding shunt capacitors to supply a part of the reactive power
demands.
 The benefits of shunt capacitor placement in distribution
systems are power factor correction, bus voltage regulation,
power and energy loss reduction, feeder and system capacity
release as well as power quality improvement.
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Problem Identification And Procedure
 advantages of capacitor placement depends on how capacitors
are allocated and controlled under possible loading conditions.
This means that the optimization problem, namely, capacitor
placement problem should be formulated with the desired
objective function (such as loss minimization) and various
technical constraints (e.g. the limits of voltage levels and
power flow).
 In this project I used the reactive loading index values in order
to find the location of the capacitor placement. And the size of
the capacitor depends on the reactive power compensation.
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Flow Chart
Start
Read line load data of radial distribution system
Run load flow analysis
From load flow results, obtain congested branches

using reactive loading index
Considering receiving end of congested branch as

the optimal location for capacitor placement
Randomize the capacitor ratings for reactive power

compensation on congested branches which
satisfies generating limits
Get the optimal size of capacitor
No
Is congestion
minimized?
Yes
Obtain all bus voltages, losses, KVA flows of each

branch
End
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Step By Step Procedure
 Step 1: Run power flow a radial distribution system.

 Step 2: From the load flow results, find the reactive loading index and
its maximum range values for each branch.
 Step 3: Find the difference between the maximum range value (sinα)
and reactive loading index of each branch. The branch which is
having high difference value will be considered as weakest branch or
heavily loaded branch. The receiving end of the weakest branch is
considered as the optimal location for capacitor placement.
 Step 4: Consider the first 4 weakest branches in the network.
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Cont…
 Step 5: Incorporate a shunt capacitor at the receiving end of the each weakest
branch with random ratings.
 Step 6: The capacitor value will be optimal where the reactive power
compensation is maximum by satisfying voltage and generating limits.
 Step 7: Tabulate the corresponding values of all bus voltages, losses and KVA
flow of each line in the network by placing optimal capacitor.
 Step 8: Compare the results from step 2 and step 7.
 Step 9: Before placement of capacitor and after placement of capacitor results
for voltage, line flows and losses are compared and shown in figures 3&4.
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IEEE 12 Bus Radial Distribution System
Line diagram of an IEEE 12bus system
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Line and load data
From To R(ohm) X(ohm) load node KW KVAR

1 2 1.093 0.455 2 60 60
2 3 1.184 0.494 3 40 30
3 4 2.095 0.873 4 55 55
4 5 3.188 1.329 5 30 30
5 6 1.093 0.455 6 20 15
6 7 1.002 0.417 7 55 55
7 8 4.403 1.215 8 45 45
8 9 5.642 1.597 9 40 40
9 10 2.89 0.818 10 35 30
10 11 1.154 0.428 11 40 30
11 12 1.238 0.351 12 15 15
Table.1 Line And Load Data
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Simulation Results
● Consider a IEEE 12 bus radial distribution network having one generator of11KV,100
MVA, 90% efficiency,0.85 P.F. Using ETAP 14 software simulation results are tabulated.
POWER FLOWS LINE LOSS

FROM TO KVA AMP V(P.U)
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 426.2 387.6 576.1 30.2 0.9947 3 1.25
2 3 363.9 326.9 489.2 25.8 0.9898 2.37 0.987
3 4 322.3 296.6 438 23.2 0.982 3.39 1.41
4 5 265.9 242.1 359.6 19.2 0.9721 3.53 1.47
5 6 234 212.3 315.9 17.1 0.9691 0.954 0.397
6 7 214.3 197.8 291.6 15.8 0.9666 0.75 0.312
7 8 162.1 146.1 218.2 11.9 0.9591 1.85 0.474
8 9 118.9 104.2 158.1 8.7 0.9519 1.27 0.359
9 10 81.4 67.6 105.8 5.8 0.9494 0.295 0.084
10 11 49.5 40.5 64 3.5 0.9487 0.043 0.016
Simulation Results
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REACTIVE LOADING INDEX AND ITS MAXIMUM RANGE FOR
DIFFERENT BRANCHES
Branch No.  Lq  max

 sin  L q
 2
  V

 V s
L

 1  sin 


Differenc
e
Rank
1 0.384315 0.380241 0.004074 5
2 0.385058 0.381264 0.003794 6
3 0.384646 0.378583 0.006063 2
4 0.384779 0.37702 0.007759 1
5 0.232541 0.381943 0.002372 7
6 0.384222 0.382239 0.001983 8
7 0.266006 0.261878 0.004128 3
8 0.272355 0.268265 0.004090 4
9 0.272345 0.270914 0.001431 9
10 0.272034 0.271633 0.000401 10
11 0.27277 0.272655 0.000115 11
Reactive Loading Index and Its Maximum Range for Different Branches
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Capacitor Placement
● From the Table.3, it is observed that branches 4,3,7,8 are congested and ranked 1,2,3,4 respectively.
Here first four congested lines are considered and the congested branches in rank wise are listed below.
a) Branch 4(4-5) get rank 1
b) Branch 3(3-4) get rank 2
c) Branch 7(7-8) get rank 3
d) Branch 8(8-9) get rank 4

● From the above information the receiving end of each congested line node is considered as optimal
location or shunt capacitor and the locations are 5,4,8,9 and connecting a shunt capacitor with random
ratings is placed at these nodes individually .Which compensates maximum reactive power in the
congested line without violating the generating limits will be the optimal capacitor size.
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Case 1: Optimal Capacitor for Branch 4 at Node 5
Power Flow Without
Node C=0.25MVAR C=0.253MVAR C=0.255MVAR C=0.256MVAR
Capacitor
From To P(KW) Q(KVAR) P(KW) Q(KVAR) P(KW) Q(KVAR) P(KW) Q(KVAR) P(KW) Q(KVAR)
1 2 426.2 387.6 425 149.8 425 146.9 425.1 145 425.1 144.1
2 3 363.9 326.9 363.7 89.5 363.7 86.7 363.8 84.8 363.8 83.8
3 4 322.3 296.6 323 59.5 323 56.6 323.1 54.7 323 53.7
4 5 265.9 242.1 267.6 5.24 267.7 2.35 267.7 0.464 267.7 -0.522
5 6 234 212.3 237 215 237 215 237.1 215.1 237.1 215.1
6 7 214.3 197.8 217 200.3 217 200.4 217.1 200.4 217.1 200.4
7 8 162.1 146.1 164.2 148 164.2 148 164.3 148 164.2 148
8 9 118.9 104.2 120.4 105.5 120.4 105.6 120.5 105.6 120.4 105.6
9 10 81.4 67.6 82.4 68.5 82.4 68.5 82.5 68.5 82.4 68.5
10 11 49.5 40.5 50.2 41 50.2 41 50.2 41 50.2 41
11 12 13.5 13.5 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7
Different Ratings of Capacitor Placed At Node 5
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C=0.255 MVAR at Node 5

KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 425.1 145 449.1 23.6 0.9956 1.82 0.757
2 3 363.8 84.8 373.5 19.7 0.9917 1.38 0.574
3 4 323.1 54.7 327.6 17.3 0.9857 1.89 0.787
4 5 267.7 0.464 267.7 14.3 0.9785 1.94 0.81
5 6 237.1 215.1 320.1 17.2 0.9755 0.967 0.402
6 7 217.1 200.4 295.4 15.9 0.9729 0.759 0.316
7 8 164.3 148 221.1 11.9 0.9654 1.88 0.518
8 9 120.5 105.6 160.2 8.7 0.9581 1.28 0.363
9 10 82.5 68.5 107.2 5.9 0.9556 0.299 0.085
10 11 50.2 41 64.8 3.6 0.9549 0.058 0.016
Power Flows when Capacitor C=0.255 MVAR At Node 5
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Power Flow
Without Capacitor
1 2 426.2 387.6 425.5 87.3 425.6 92.1 425.6 91.2 425.6 89.2
2 3 363.9 326.9 364.4 27 364.3 31.9 364.3 30.9 364.3 29
3 4 322.2 296.6 323.7 -3.06 323.6 1.81 323.6 0.837 323.7 -1.11
4 5 265.9 242.1 268.3 244.3 268.3 244..3 268.3 244.3 268.3 244.3
5 6 234 212.3 236.1 214.2 236.1 214.2 236.1 214.2 236.1 214.2
6 7 214.3 197.8 216.2 199.6 216.2 199.6 216.2 199.6 216.2 199.6
7 8 162.1 146.1 163.6 147.4 163.6 147.4 163.6 147.6 163.6 147.4
8 9 118.9 104.2 120 105.2 120 105.1 120 105.1 120 105.2
9 10 81.4 67.6 82.1 68.2 82.1 68.2 82.1 68.2 82.1 68.2
10 11 49.5 40.5 50 40.9 50 40.8 50 40.8 50 40.8
11 12 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6
Different Ratings of Capacitor at Node 4
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Capacitor C=0.306 MVAR At Node 4
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 425.6 91.2 435.2 22.8 0.9958 1.71 0.712
2 3 364.3 30.9 365.6 19.3 0.9921 1.32 0.55
3 4 323.6 0.837 323.6 17.1 0.9865 1.84 0.768
4 5 268.3 244.3 362.8 19.3 0.9766 3.56 1.49
5 6 236.1 214.2 318.8 17.1 0.9736 0.963 0.401
6 7 216.2 199.6 294.2 15.9 0.971 0.756 0.315
7 8 163.6 147.6 220.2 11.9 0.9634 1.87 0.516
8 9 120 105.1 159.5 8.7 0.9561 1.28 0.362
9 10 82.1 68.2 106.7 5.9 0.9536 0.298 0.084
10 11 50 40.8 64.5 3.6 0.9528 0.057 0.016
Power Flows When Capacitor C=0.306MVAR at Node 4
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Power Flow
Without Capacitor
1 2 426.2 387.6 424.1 239.4 424.1 240.4 424.1 241.3 424.1 242.2
2 3 363.9 326.9 362.5 179.1 362.5 180 362.5 180.9 362.5 1
3 4 322.3 296.6 321.6 148.9 321.6 149.9 321.6 150.8 321.6 181.9
4 5 265.9 242.1 266.1 94.7 266.1 95.7 266.1 96.6 266.1 151.7
5 6 234 212.3 235.3 65.3 235.3 66.2 235.3 67.1 235.3 68
6 7 214.3 197.8 215.8 50.8 215.8 51.7 215.8 52.7 215.8 52.9
7 8 162.1 146.1 163.5 -1.31 163.4 -0.375 163.4 0.557 163.4 1.457
8 9 118.9 104.2 120.5 105.6 120.5 105.6 120.5 105.6 120.5 105.6
9 10 81.4 67.6 82.5 68.5 82.5 68.5 82.5 68.5 82.5 68.5
10 11 49.5 40.5 50.2 41 50.2 41 50.2 41 50.2 41
11 12 13.5 13.5 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7
Table.8 Different Ratings of Capacitor at Node 8
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Capacitor C=0.158 MVAR at Node 8

KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 424.1 241.3 487.9 25.6 0.9953 2.15 0.895
2 3 362.5 180.9 405.1 21.4 0.991 1.62 0.676
3 4 321.6 150.8 355.2 18.8 0.9842 2.22 0.927
4 5 266.1 96.6 283 15.1 0.976 2.18 0.908
5 6 235.3 67.1 244.7 13.2 0.9736 0.568 0.236
6 7 215.8 52.7 222.1 12 0.9716 0.431 0.179
7 8 163.4 0.557 163.4 8.8 0.9655 1.03 0.284
8 9 120.5 105.6 160.2 8.7 0.9582 1.28 0.363
9 10 82.5 68.5 107.2 5.9 0.9557 0.299 0.085
10 11 50.2 41 64.8 3.6 0.9549 0.058 0.016
Power Flows When Capacitor C=0.158 MVAR at Node 8
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Power Flow
Without Capacitor
1 2 426.2 387.6 424 278.2 424 287.3 424 282.8 424 283.7
2 3 363.9 326.9 362.2 217.7 362.2 226.9 362.2 22.3 362.2 233.2
3 4 322.3 296.6 321.2 187.6 321.1 196.7 321.1 192.1 321.1 193.1
4 5 265.9 242.1 265.5 133.3 265.4 142.5 265.4 137.9 265.4 138.1
5 6 234 212.3 234.6 103.6 234.4 112.9 234.5 108.4 234.5 109.3
6 7 214.3 197.8 215 89.4 214.9 98.5 215 93.9 214.9 94.8
7 8 162.1 146.1 162.8 37.4 162.6 46.5 162.7 41.9 162.7 42.9
8 9 118.9 104.2 119.9 -4.71 119.8 4.47 119.8 -0.117 119.8 0.8
9 10 81.4 67.6 82.4 68.5 82.4 68.4 82.4 68.5 82.4 68.4
10 11 49.5 40.5 50.2 41 50.1 41 50.2 41 50.2 41
11 12 13.5 13.5 13.7 13.7 13.6 3.6 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7
Different Ratings of Capacitor at Node 9
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Capacitor
Capacitor C=0.114
C=0.114 MVAR
MVAR at
at Node
Node 9
9

KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 424 283.7 510.1 26.8 0.995 2.35 0.979
2 3 362.2 233.2 425.4 22.4 0.9906 1.79 0.746
3 4 321.1 193.1 374.7 19.9 0.9836 2.48 1.03
4 5 265.4 138.1 299.5 16 0.9749 2.44 1.02
5 6 234.5 109.3 258.7 13.9 0.9724 0.636 0.265
6 7 214.9 94.8 234.9 12.7 0.9702 0.483 0.201
7 8 162.7 42.9 168.2 9.1 0.9636 1.09 0.302
8 9 119.8 0.8 119.8 6.5 0.9578 0.721 0.204
9 10 82.4 68.4 107.1 5.9 0.9553 0.299 0.085
10 11 50.2 41 64.8 3.6 0.9545 0.058 0.016
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Voltage Profile after Capacitor Placement
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Power Flows in Congested Branches after Capacitor Placement
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Comparison Between Before And After Compensation
With Single Capacitor
WITHOUT Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

CAPACITOR
C=0.255 C=0.306 C=0.158 C=0.114
MVAR MVAR MVAR MVAR
AT NODE 5 AT NODE 4 AT NODE 8 AT NODE 9
Vmin(p.u) 0.9485 0.9547 0.9526 0.9547 0.9543
Vmax(p.u) 0.9947 0.9956 0.9958 0.9953 0.9951
Total Active Power Loss 17.5KW 12.3 KW 13.7 KW 11.8 KW 12.4 KW
Total Reactive Power Loss 6.8KVAR 4.6 KVAR 5.2 KVAR 4.6 KVAR 4.8 KVAR
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With Two Capacitors
 The same analysis on the 12 bus radial distribution

system with a fixed capacitor at node 9 with 0.114
MVAR and with different ratings of capacitor values
placing at 8,7,6,5 nodes respectively for reactive
power compensation
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Case 1: C = 0.046 MVAR for Branch 7 at Node 8

BRANCH
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 423.9 240.9 487.5 25.6 0.9953 2.35 0.979
2 3 2 362.3 180.5 404.8 21.3 0.991 1.79 0.746
3 4 3 321.4 150.4 354.8 18.8 0.9843 2.48 1.03
4 5 4 265.9 96.2 282.7 15.1 0.9761 2.44 1.02
5 6 5 235.1 66.7 244.4 13.1 0.9736 0.636 0.265
6 7 6 215.6 52.2 221.8 12 0.9716 0.483 0.201
7 8 7 163.2 0.127 163.2 8.8 0.9655 1.09 0.302
8 9 8 120.3 0.803 120.3 6.5 0.9597 0.721 0.204
9 10 9 82.7 68.7 107.5 5.9 0.9571 0.299 0.085
10 11 10 50.3 41.2 65 3.6 0.9563 0.058 0.016
11 12 11 13.7 13.7 19.4 1.1 0.9561 0.004 0.001
14071D8302 06/29/2020 34

BRANCH
NUMBER KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 424 189.2 464.3 24.4 0.9955 1.95 0.811
2 3 2 362.6 128.9 384.8 20.3 0.9914 1.46 0.61
3 4 3 321.8 98.8 336.6 17.8 0.985 2 0.832
4 5 4 266.4 44.6 270.1 14.4 0.9774 1.98 0.826
5 6 5 235.8 15.2 236.3 12.7 0.9752 0.528 0.22
6 7 6 216.3 0.691 216.3 11.6 0.9733 0.407 0.169
7 8 7 163.7 43.1 169.3 9.1 0.9668 1.1 0.304
8 9 8 120.6 0.805 120.6 6.5 0.9609 0.726 0.205
9 10 9 82.9 68.9 107.8 5.9 0.9584 0.301 0.085

10 11 10 50.5 41.3 65.2 3.6 0.9576 0.058 0.016
11 12 11 13.7 13.7 19.4 1.1 0.9574 0.004 0.001
14071D8302 06/29/2020 35

BRANC
H
NUMBE KW KVAR KW KVAR
R
1 2 1 424.1 174.6 458.6 24.1 0.9955 1.9 0.791

2 3 2 362.7 114.3 380.2 20 0.9915 1.43 0.596
3 4 3 321.7 84.2 332.7 17.6 0.9852 1.95 0.813
4 5 4 266.6 30 268.2 14.3 0.9778 1.95 0.814
5 6 5 235.9 0.519 235.9 12.7 0.9756 0.526 0.219
6 7 6 216.4 95.5 236.5 12.7 0.9734 0.487 0.203
7 8 7 163.8 43.1 169.4 9.1 0.9669 1.1 0.304
8 9 8 120.6 0.805 120.6 6.5 0.961 0.726 0.203
9 10 9 82.9 68.9 107.8 5.9 0.9585 0.301 0.085
10 11 10 50.5 41.3 65.2 2.3 0.9577 0.058 0.016
11 12 11 13.7 13.7 19.4 1.1 0.9575 0.004 0.001
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POWER
LINE LOSS
BRANCH FLOWS
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 424.2 145.3 448.4 23.5 0.9956 1.82 0.756

2 3 2 362.9 85.1 372.7 19.6 0.9917 1.37 0.572
3 4 3 322.2 55 326.9 17.3 0.9857 1.88 0.784
4 5 4 266.9 0.767 266.9 14.2 0.9785 1.93 0.805
5 6 5 236.2 110.1 260.6 12.7 0.9759 0.641 0.267
6 7 6 216.5 95.5 236.7 12.7 0.9738 0.487 0.203
7 8 7 163.9 43.2 169.5 9.1 0.9672 1.1 0.304
8 9 8 120.7 0.805 120.7 6.6 0.9614 0.726 0.206
9 10 9 83 69 107.9 5.9 0.9588 0.301 0.085
10 11 10 50.5 41.3 65.3 3.6 0.958 0.058 0.016
11 12 11 13.8 13.8 19.5 1.1 0.9578 0.004 0.001
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Voltage Profile after Two Capacitors Placement
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Power Flows in Congested Branches after Two Capacitors
Placement
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Comparison of Consolidated Results With and Without
Capacitor
With Two Capacitors
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

WITHOUT
CAPACITOR C=0.046 C=0.1 C=0.115 C=0.159
MVAR MVAR MVAR MVAR
Vmin(p.u) 0.9485 0.9561 0.9574 0.9575 0.9574
Vmax(p.u) 0.9947 0.9953 0.9955 0.9955 0.9956
Total Active Power

17.5KW 11.3 KW 10.5 KW 10.4 KW 10.4 KW
Loss
Total Reactive
6.8KVAR 4.4 KVAR 4.1 KVAR 4 KVAR 4 KVAR
Power Loss
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Line diagram of an IEEE 12bus system
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Line and load data
From To R(ohm) X(ohm) load node KW KVAR

1 2 0.1233 0.4127 2 1840 460
2 3 0.014 0.6051 3 980 340
3 4 0.7463 1.205 4 1790 446
4 5 0.6984 0.6084 5 1598 1840
5 6 1.9831 1.7276 6 1610 600
6 7 0.9053 0.7886 7 780 110
7 8 2.0552 1.164 8 1150 60
8 9 4.7953 2.716 9 980 130
9 10 5.3434 3.0264 10 1640 200
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Simulation Results
● Consider a IEEE 10 bus radial distribution network having one generator of 23KV,
100 MVA, 90% efficiency,0.85 P.F. Using ETAP 14 software simulation results are tabulated.
POWER
LINE LOSS
FROM TO FLOWS KVA AMP V(P.U)
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 11457 4516 12315 309.1 0.9938 35.3 118.8
2 3 9604 3943 10382 262.2 0.9891 2.89 124.8
3 4 8643 3485 9319 236.5 0.9689 125.2 202.2
4 5 6837 2864 7413 192.1 0.9562 77.3 67.3
5 6 5299 1115 5415 142.2 0.9317 120.2 104.7
6 7 3782 489 3813 102.7 0.924 28.7 25
7 8 3087 370.1 3109 84.5 0.9101 44 24.9
8 9 2090 294.7 2111 58.2 0.8877 48.7 27.6
9 10 1269 164.5 1279 36.2 0.8722 21 11.9
Simulation Results
14071D8302 06/29/2020 43
DIFFERENT BRANCHES
Branch  Lq   sin  L
 2
  V

 V
L

 1  sin 
 Difference Rank
No. max q
s 
1 0.958152 0.94627 0.011881 7

2 0.999732 0.990276 0.009456 9
3 0.850155 0.815431 0.034725 1
4 0.656852 0.639632 0.01722 4
5 0.656864 0.623203 0.033661 2
6 0.656834 0.645977 0.010857 8
7 0.492816 0.477989 0.014827 6
8 0.492829 0.468569 0.02426 3
9 0.492824 0.475614 0.01721 5
Reactive Loading Index and Its Maximum Range for Different Branches
14071D8302 06/29/2020 44
Capacitor Placement
● From the Table.3, it is observed that branches 3,5,8,4 are congested and ranked 1,2,3,4 respectively.
Here first four congested lines are considered and the congested branches in rank wise are listed
below.
a) Branch 3 (3-4) get rank 1
b)Branch 5 (5-6) get rank 2
c) Branch 8 (8-9) get rank 3
● From the above information the receiving end of each congested line node is considered as optimal
location or shunt capacitor and the locations are 4,6,9,5 and connecting a shunt capacitor with
random ratings is placed at these nodes individually .Which compensates maximum reactive power
in the congested line without violating the generating limits will be the optimal capacitor size.
14071D8302 06/29/2020 45

BRANCH
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 11721 1015 11765 295.3 0.9965 32.3 108

2 3 2 9861 450.2 9872 248.7 0.9958 2.6 112.2
3 4 3 8887 0.946 8887 224 0.9834 112.4 181.4
4 5 4 7043 2951 7637 194.9 0.9705 79.6 69.4
5 6 5 5459 1148 5578 144.3 0.9457 123.8 107.9
6 7 6 3895 503.7 3928 104.3 0.9379 29.5 25.7
7 8 7 3180 381.2 3202 85.7 0.9238 45.3 25.7
8 9 8 2153 303.6 2174 59.1 0.901 50.2 28.4
9 10 9 1307 169.5 1316 36.7 0.8853 21.6 12.2
14071D8302 06/29/2020 46

BRANCH
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 11586 3402 12075 303.1 0.9947 34 113.7
2 3 2 9732 2832 10135 255.8 0.9912 2.7 118.8
3 4 3 8766 2380 9083 230 0.9734 118.5 191.3
4 5 4 6951 1766 7172 185 0.9619 71.7 62.4
5 6 5 5401 0.163 3401 140.9 0.9411 118.2 103
6 7 6 3857 498.8 3889 103.7 0.9333 29.2 25.5
7 8 7 3149 377.5 3171 85.3 0.9193 44.9 25.4
8 9 8 2132 300.6 2153 58.8 0.8966 49.7 28.2
9 10 9 1294 167.6 1305 36.5 0.881 21.4 12.2
14071D8302 06/29/2020 47

BRANCH
1 2 1 11503 4224 12254 307.6 0.9941 35 117.1

2 3 2 9650 3652 10318 260.5 0.9897 2.9 123.2
3 4 3 8687 3195 9256 234.8 0.97 123.4 199.3
4 5 4 6880 2576 7346 190.1 0.9576 75.7 66
5 6 5 5338 823 5401 141.6 0.9341 119.3 103.9
6 7 6 3815 195.4 3820 102.6 0.9268 28.6 24.9
7 8 7 3116 76 3117 84.4 0.9136 43.9 24.9
8 9 8 2112 0.269 2112 58 0.8927 48.5 27.4
9 10 9 1283 166.4 1294 36.4 0.8771 21.2 12
14071D8302 06/29/2020 48

BRANCH
1 2 1 11709 1627 11822 296.4 0.996 2.6 103

2 3 2 9851 1061 9908 249.7 0.9946 2.62 113.2
3 4 3 8879 611.7 8900 224.6 0.9808 113 182.4
4 5 4 7044 0.02 7044 180.3 0.9714 68.1 59.3
5 6 5 5468 1150 5588 144.4 0.9465 124.1 108.1
6 7 6 3902 504.6 3934 104.3 0.9387 29.6 25.8
7 8 7 3185 381.9 3208 85.8 0.9246 45.4 25.7
8 9 8 2157 304.1 2178 59.1 0.9018 50.3 28.5
9 10 9 1309 169.9 1320 36.8 0.8861 21.6 12
14071D8302 06/29/2020 49
14071D8302 06/29/2020 50
Power Flows in Congested Branches after Capacitor
Placement
14071D8302 06/29/2020 51
Capacitor

WITHOUT
CAPACITOR C=3.684 C=1.279 C=0.373 C=3.122
MVAR MVAR MVAR MVAR
Vmin (p.u) 0.8722 0.8853 0.881 0.8771 0.8861
Vmax (p.u) 0.9938 0.9965 0.9947 0.9941 0.996
Total Active
503.4 KW 497.3 KW 490.3 KW 498.5 KW 487.2 KW
Power Loss
Total Reactive
706.9 KVAR 670.9 KVAR 680.3 KVAR 698.8 KVAR 664.2 KVAR
Power Loss
14071D8302 06/29/2020 52
With Two Capacitors
 The same analysis on the 10 bus radial distribution system
with a fixed capacitor at node 8 with 0.446 MVAR and with
different ratings of capacitor values placing at 7,6,5,4 nodes
respectively for reactive power compensation
14071D8302 06/29/2020 53
Case1: C = 0.139 MVAR for Branch 6 at Node 7

BRANCH
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 11520 4029 12206 306.4 0.9942 34.7 116.2

2 3 2 9669 3458 10268 259.4 0.99 2.82 122
3 4 3 8705 3003 9208 233.5 0.9708 122 197.1
4 5 4 6896 2385 7297 188.7 0.9587 74.6 65
5 6 5 5353 628.9 5390 141.1 0.9357 118.5 103.2
6 7 6 3825 0.164 3825 102.6 0.9287 28.6 24.9
7 8 7 3123 0.263 3123 84.4 0.9157 43.9 24.9
8 9 8 2115 298.3 2136 58.6 0.8931 49.3 27.9
9 10 9 1284 166.5 1295 36.4 0.8776 21.2 12
14071D8302 06/29/2020 54

FRO BRANCH
TO KVA AMP V(P.U)
M NUMBER KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 11596 3402 12085 303.3 0.9947 34 113.9

2 3 2 9741 2832 10145 256 0.9912 2.75 119
3 4 3 8776 2380 9093 185.2 0.9734 118.7 191.7
4 5 4 6961 1765 7181 185.2 0.9619 71.9 62.6
5 6 5 5411 0.001 5411 141.2 0.941 118.6 103.3
6 7 6 3867 121.4 3868 103.2 0.9338 28.9 25.2
7 8 7 3158 0.266 3158 84.9 0.9207 44.4 25.2
8 9 8 2138 301.5 2159 58.2 0.898 49.9 28.2
9 10 9 1298 168.4 1309 36.6 0.8823 21.5 12.2
14071D8302 06/29/2020 55
Case 3: C = 2.717 MVAR for Brach 4 at Node 5

BRANCH
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 11731 1629 11844 297.3 0.996 32.7 109.4

2 3 2 9873 1063 9930 250.3 0.9946 2.63 113.7
3 4 3 8901 613.3 8922 225.2 0.9808 113.7 183.3
4 5 4 7066 0.785 7066 180.8 0.9713 68.5 59.7
5 6 5 5489 768.5 5543 143.3 0.9477 122.1 106.4
6 7 6 3922 123.1 3923 103.9 0.9404 29.3 25.6
7 8 7 3202 0.27 3202 85.5 0.9272 45.1 25.5
8 9 8 2169 305.8 2190 59.3 0.9043 50.6 28.6
9 10 9 1317 170.7 1328 36.9 0.8886 21.8 12.3
14071D8302 06/29/2020 56

KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 11746 1015 11790 296 0.9965 32.4 108.4
2 3 9887 449.9 9897 249.3 0.9958 2.61 112.8
3 4 8912 0.086 8912 224.7 0.9834 113 182.5

4 5 7068 2570 7521 192 0.9709 77.2 67.3
5 6 5485 767.9 5538 143.2 0.9473 122 106.3
6 7 3918 123 3920 103.9 0.94 29.3 25.5
7 8 3200 0.27 3200 85.4 0.9268 45 25.5
8 9 2167 305.6 2188 59.3 0.904 50.5 28.6
9 10 1316 170.6 1327 36.8 0.882 21.8 12.3
14071D8302 06/29/2020 57
14071D8302 06/29/2020 58
Placement
14071D8302 06/29/2020 59
Capacitor
With Two Capacitors

WITHOUT
CAPACITOR C=0.139 C=0.854 C=2.717 C=3.292
MVAR MVAR MVAR MVAR
Vmin(p.u) 0.8722 0.8776 0.8823 0.8886 0.8882
Vmax(p.u) 0.9938 0.9942 0.9947 0.996 0.9965
Total Active Power

503.4 KW 495.8 KW 490.7 KW 486.2 KW 493.2 KW
Loss
Total Reactive
706.9 KVAR 693.3 KVAR 681.3 KVAR 664.5 KVAR 669.2 KVAR
Power Loss
14071D8302 06/29/2020 60
Fig 1. Line diagram of an IEEE 33bus system
14071D8302 06/29/2020 61
The Line and Load Data For 33-Node Radial Distribution System
BRANCH SENDING RECEIVING RESISTANCE REACTANCE ACTIVE REACTIVE

NUMBER END END R(Ω) X(Ω) POWER POWER
NODE NODE (KW) (KVAR)
1 1 2 0.0922 0.047 100.00 60.00

2 2 3 0.4930 0.2511 90.00 40.00
3 3 4 0.3660 0.1864 120.00 80.00
4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 60.00 30.00
5 5 6 0.8190 0.7070 60.00 20.00
6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 200.00 100.00
7 7 8 0.7114 0.2351 200.00 100.00
8 8 9 1.0300 0.7400 60.00 20.00
9 9 10 1.0440 0.7400 60.00 20.00
10 10 11 0.1966 0.0650 45.00 30.00
11 11 12 0.3744 0.1238 60.00 35.00
12 12 13 1.4680 1.1550 60.00 35.00
13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 120.00 80.00
14 14 15 0.5910 0.5260 60.00 10.00
15 15 16 0.7463 0.5450 60.00 20.00
16 16 17 1.2890 1.7210 60.00 20.00
14071D8302 06/29/2020 62
17 17 18 0.7320 0.5740 90.00 40.00
18 2 19 0.1640 0.1565 90.00 40.00
19 19 20 1.5042 1.3554 90.00 40.00
20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 90.00 40.00
21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 90.00 40.00
22 3 23 0.4512 0.3083 90.00 50.00
23 23 24 0.8980 0.7091 420.00 200.00
24 24 25 0.8960 0.7011 420.00 200.00
25 6 26 0.2030 0.1034 60.00 25.00
26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 60.00 25.00
27 27 28 1.0590 0.9337 60.00 20.00
28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 120.00 70.00
29 29 30 0.5075 0.2585 200.00 600.00
30 30 31 0.9744 0.9630 150.00 70.00
31 31 32 0.3105 0.3619 210.00 100.00
32 32 33 0.3410 0.5302 60.00 40.00
14071D8302 06/29/2020 63
Simulation Results
BRANCH
KVA AMP V(P.U)
1 3917.68 2435.14 4612.82 210.4 12.24 6.24

0.997
2 3444.30 2207.82 4091.17 187.1 51.79 26.38
0.9829
3 2362.90 1684.20 2901.69 134.6 19.90 10.14
0.9755
4 2223.00 1594.07 2735.46 127.9 18.70 9.52
0.9681
5 2144.30 1554.54 2648.51 124.8 38.25 33.02
0.9497
6 1095.27 527.89 1215.84 58.4 1.91 6.33
0.9462
7 893.35 421.56 987.82 47.6 4.84 1.60
0.9413
8 688.51 319.96 759.23 36.8 4.18 3.00
0.9351
9 624.33 296.96 691.36 33.7 3.56 2.52
0.9292
10 560.77 274.43 624.32 30.6 0.55 0.18
0.9284
11 515.22 244.25 570.18 28.0 0.88 0.29
0.9269
12 454.34 208.96 500.09 24.6 2.67 2.10
0.9208
13 391.67 171.86 427.72 21.2 0.73 0.96
0.9185
14 270.94 90.90 285.79 14.2 0.36 0.32
0.9171
15 210.59 80.58 225.48 11.2 0.28 0.21
0.9157
14071D8302 06/29/2020 64
Cont…
16 150.30 60.38 161.98 8.1 0.25 0.34
0.9137
17 90.05 40.04 98.55 4.9 0.05 0.04
0.9131
18 361.14 161.08 395.43 18.1 0.16 0.15
0.9965
19 270.98 120.93 296.73 13.6 0.83 0.75
0.9929
20 180.14 80.18 197.18 9.1 0.10 0.12
0.9922
21 90.04 40.06 98.55 4.5 0.04 0.06
0.9916
22 939.61 457.24 1044.96 48.5 3.18 2.17
0.9794
23 846.43 405.07 938.36 43.7 5.14 4.06
0.9727
24 421.29 201.01 466.78 21.9 1.29 1.01
0.9694
25 950.78 973.64 1360.86 65.4 2.60 1.32
0.9477
26 888.18 947.31 1298.56 62.5 3.33 1.69
0.9452
27 824.85 920.62 1236.09 59.6 11.30 9.96
0.9337
28 753.55 890.65 1166.66 57.0 7.83 6.82
0.9255
29 625.72 813.83 1026.57 50.6 3.90 1.98
0.922
30 421.82 211.84 472.03 23.3 1.59 1.57
0.9178
31 270.23 140.27 304.46 15.1 0.21 0.25
0.9169
32 60.01 40.02 72.13 210.4 0.01 0.02
0.9166
14071D8302 06/29/2020 65
DIFFERENT BRANCHES
Branch
Number
 Lq  max
 sin  L q
 2
  V

 V s
L

= 1  sin 

Difference Rank
1 0.454157 0.451462 0.002696 20

2 0.453853 0.441021 0.012831 3
3 0.453824 0.446915 0.006909 10
4 0.453842 0.446958 0.006883 11
5 0.653451 0.628609 0.024842 1
6 0.95716 0.950134 0.007026 9
7 0.313784 0.310571 0.003213 19
8 0.583474 0.575702 0.007772 7
9 0.578277 0.571085 0.007192 8
10 0.313909 0.313328 0.000581 31
11 0.313945 0.31293 0.001014 28
12 0.618342 0.610185 0.008156 6
14071D8302 06/29/2020 66
Cont…
13 0.796272 0.792351 0.003921 16
14 0.664834 0.66279 0.002044 22
15 0.589753 0.587994 0.001759 24
16 0.80039 0.796847 0.003544 17
17 0.617062 0.616241 0.000821 29
18 0.690371 0.689639 0.000732 30
19 0.669407 0.6646 0.004807 13
20 0.759694 0.758616 0.001078 26
21 0.797573 0.796549 0.001025 27
22 0.564166 0.560049 0.004116 15
23 0.619726 0.611283 0.008443 5
24 0.616244 0.612031 0.004213 14
25 0.453873 0.452029 0.001844 23
26 0.453724 0.451269 0.002455 21
27 0.661338 0.645329 0.016009 2
28 0.65687 0.645307 0.011563 4
29 0.453873 0.450384 0.003489 18
30 0.70286 0.696516 0.006345 12
31 0.758946 0.757432 0.001514 25
32 0.840993 0.840472 0.00052 32
14071D8302 06/29/2020 67
Capacitor Placement
● From the Table.3, it is observed that branches 5,27,2,28 are congested and ranked 1,2,3,4
respectively. Here first four congested lines are considered and the congested branches in rank
wise are listed below.
a) Branch 5 (5-6) get rank 1
b) Branch 27 (27-28) get rank 2
c) Branch 2(2-3) get rank 3
● From the above information the receiving end of each congested line node is considered as
optimal location or shunt capacitor and the locations are 6,28,3,29 and connecting a shunt
capacitor with random ratings is placed at these nodes individually .Which compensates
maximum reactive power in the congested line without violating the generating limits will be
the optimal capacitor size.
14071D8302 06/29/2020 68

BRANCH
NUMBER
KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 3870.34 864.83 3965.79 180.9 9.05 4.61

0.9975
2 3 2 3400.16 639.14 3459.71 158.2 0.986 37.00 18.85
3 4 3 2333.61 123.10 2336.85 108.1 0.9805 12.83 6.53
4 5 4 2200.78 36.57 2201.09 102.4 0.9751 11.98 6.10
5 6 5 2128.80 0.47 2128.80 123.4 0.964 24.35 21.02
6 7 6 1094.63 527.33 1215.03 57.5 0.9606 1.86 6.13

7 8 7 892.78 421.20 987.14 46.9 0.9558 4.69 1.55
8 9 8 688.09 319.65 758.71 36.2 0.9496 4.05 2.91
9 10 9 624.04 296.74 691.00 33.2 0.9439 3.45 2.44
10 11 10 560.59 274.29 624.10 30.2 0.9431 0.54 0.18
11 12 11 515.05 244.12 569.98 27.6 0.9416 0.85 0.28
12 13 12 454.20 208.83 499.91 24.2 0.9356 2.58 2.03
13 14 13 391.62 171.80 427.65 20.8 0.9333 0.71 0.93
14 15 14 270.91 90.87 285.75 14.0 0.932 0.35 0.31
15 16 15 210.57 80.56 225.45 11.0 0.9306 0.27 0.20
16 17 16 150.30 60.37 161.96 7.9 0.9286 0.24 0.33
14071D8302 06/29/2020 69
Cont…
17 18 17 90.05 40.04 98.55 4.8 0.928 0.05 0.04
2 19 18 361.14 161.08 395.43 18.1 0.997 0.16 0.15
19 20 19 270.98 120.92 296.73 13.6 0.9934 0.83 0.75
20 21 20 180.14 80.18 197.18 9.1 0.9927 0.10 0.12
21 22 21 90.04 40.06 98.55 4.5 0.9921 0.04 0.06
3 23 22 939.55 457.20 1044.88 48.3 0.9825 3.16 2.16
23 24 23 846.39 405.04 938.31 43.6 0.9758 5.11 4.04
24 25 24 421.28 201.00 466.77 21.8 0.9725 1.28 1.00
6 26 25 949.81 972.89 1359.66 64.3 0.9621 2.52 1.28
26 27 26 887.29 946.61 1297.44 61.5 0.9596 3.22 1.64
27 28 27 824.07 919.97 1235.08 58.7 0.9483 10.95 9.65
28 29 28 753.12 890.32 1166.13 56.1 0.9402 7.59 6.61
29 30 29 625.54 813.71 1026.36 49.8 0.9367 3.77 1.92
30 31 30 421.76 211.79 471.95 23.0 0.9326 1.54 1.53
31 32 31 270.22 140.26 304.45 14.9 0.9317 0.21 0.24
32 33 32 60.01 40.02 72.13 3.5 0.9315 0.01 0.02
14071D8302 06/29/2020 70
Case 2: C = 1.013MVAR for Branch 27 at Node 28

BRANCH
1 2 1 3870.34 1490.09 4147.27 189.1 0.9973 9.89 5.04

2 3 2 3399.31 1263.97 3626.69 165.8 0.9849 40.67 20.72
3 4 3 2329.06 746.04 2445.62 113.2 0.9786 14.08 7.17
4 5 4 2194.98 658.87 2291.73 106.8 0.9724 13.04 6.64
5 6 5 2121.94 622.22 2211.28 103.7 0.9585 26.42 22.81
6 7 6 1094.87 527.54 1215.34 57.8 0.955 1.88 6.21
7 8 7 892.99 421.33 987.40 47.1 0.9502 4.74 1.57
8 9 8 688.25 319.77 758.91 36.4 0.944 4.10 2.94
9 10 9 624.15 296.82 691.13 33.4 0.9383 3.49 2.47
10 11 10 560.66 274.35 624.18 30.3 0.9374 0.54 0.18
11 12 11 515.12 244.17 570.05 27.7 0.9359 0.86 0.29
12 13 12 454.25 208.88 499.98 24.4 0.9299 2.61 2.06
13 14 13 391.64 171.82 427.67 21.0 0.9276 0.71 0.94
14 15 14 270.92 90.88 285.76 14.0 0.9262 0.35 0.31
15 16 15 210.57 80.57 225.46 11.1 0.9249 0.28 0.20
14071D8302 06/29/2020 71
Cont…
17 18 17 90.05 40.04 98.55 4.9 0.9223 0.05 0.04
18 19 18 361.14 161.08 395.43 18.1 0.9968 0.16 0.15

19 20 19 270.98 120.92 296.73 13.6 0.9932 0.83 0.75
20 21 20 180.14 80.18 197.18 9.1 0.9925 0.10 0.12
21 22 21 90.04 40.06 98.55 4.5 0.9919 0.04 0.06
22 23 22 939.57 457.21 1044.91 48.4 0.9813 3.17 2.17
23 24 23 846.41 405.05 938.33 43.6 0.9746 5.12 4.05

24 25 24 421.28 201.00 466.78 21.8 0.9713 1.28 1.00
25 26 25 940.64 51.87 942.07 44.8 0.9572 1.22 0.62
26 27 26 879.42 26.25 879.81 41.9 0.9556 1.50 0.76
27 28 27 817.92 0.49 817.92 58.7 0.9499 4.84 4.27
28 29 28 753.08 890.28 1166.07 56.0 0.9418 7.56 6.59
29 30 29 625.52 813.69 1026.34 49.7 0.9383 3.76 1.92
30 31 30 421.76 211.78 471.94 22.9 0.9343 1.54 1.52

31 32 31 270.22 140.26 304.45 14.9 0.9334 0.21 0.24
32 33 32 60.01 40.02 72.13 3.5 0.9331 0.01 0.02
14071D8302 06/29/2020 72
Case 3: C = 2.256 MVAR for Branch at Node 3
FROM BRANCH
KVA AMP V(P.U)
NUMBER TO KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 1 2 3897.40 226.167 3903.95 178.04 8.77 4.47

0.9977
2 2 3 3427.50 0.620 3427.50 186.71 36.30 18.49
0.9871
3 3 4 2361.66 1683.293 2900.16 133.98 19.71 10.04
0.9797
4 4 5 2221.95 1593.254 2734.14 127.27 18.52 9.43
0.9723
5 5 6 2143.43 1553.822 2647.39 124.17 37.88 32.70
0.954
6 6 7 1095.07 527.715 1215.59 58.11 1.90 6.27
0.9506
7 7 8 893.17 421.447 987.61 47.38 4.79 1.58
0.9457
8 8 9 688.38 319.863 759.07 36.60 4.14 2.97
0.9395
9 9 10 624.24 296.889 691.25 33.55 3.53 2.50
0.9337
10 10 11 560.72 274.389 624.25 30.49 0.55 0.18
0.9328
11 11 12 515.17 244.208 570.12 27.87 0.87 0.29
0.9314
12 12 13 454.30 208.920 500.03 24.48 2.64 2.08
0.9253
13 13 14 391.66 171.842 427.70 21.08 0.72 0.95
0.923
14 14 15 270.93 90.892 285.77 14.12 0.35 0.31
0.9216
15 15 16 210.58 80.577 225.47 11.16 0.28 0.20
0.9203
16 16 17 150.30 60.374 161.97 8.03 0.25 0.33
0.9182
14071D8302 06/29/2020 73
Cont…
17 17 18 90.05 40.041 98.55 4.89 0.05 0.04
0.9176
2 18 19 361.14 161.077 395.43 18.08 0.16 0.15
0.9972
19 19 20 270.98 120.924 296.73 13.57 0.83 0.75
0.9936
20 20 21 180.14 80.175 197.18 9.05 0.10 0.12
0.9929
21 21 22 90.04 40.058 98.55 4.53 0.04 0.06
0.9922
3 22 23 939.53 457.180 1044.86 48.27 3.15 2.16
0.9836
23 23 24 846.38 405.025 938.29 43.51 5.10 4.03
0.9769
24 24 25 421.28 200.999 466.77 21.79 1.28 1.00
0.9736
6 25 26 950.48 973.406 1360.49 65.03 2.58 1.31
0.9521
26 26 27 887.91 947.094 1298.22 62.18 3.30 1.68
0.9495
27 27 28 824.61 920.416 1235.78 59.35 11.19 9.87
0.9382
28 28 29 753.42 890.549 1166.50 56.70 7.76 6.76
0.93
29 29 30 625.66 813.791 1026.50 50.34 3.86 1.96
0.9264
30 30 31 421.80 211.826 472.00 23.23 1.58 1.56
0.9223
31 31 32 270.22 140.266 304.46 15.05 0.21 0.25
0.9214
32 32 33 60.01 40.020 72.13 3.57 0.01 0.02
0.9211
14071D8302 06/29/2020 74

BRANCH
1 2 1 3866.05 1514.12 4151.97 189.35 0.9973 9.92 5.06

2 3 2 3394.99 1287.99 3631.10 166.04 0.9848 40.77 20.77
3 4 3 2324.65 770.01 2448.85 113.40 0.9785 14.12 7.19
4 5 4 2190.53 682.82 2294.48 106.93 0.9724 13.07 6.66
5 6 5 2117.45 646.16 2213.85 103.83 0.9583 26.49 22.87
6 7 6 1094.88 527.55 1215.35 57.83 0.9549 1.88 6.21
7 8 7 893.00 421.34 987.41 47.16 0.9501 4.75 1.57
8 9 8 688.25 319.77 758.91 36.43 0.9439 4.10 2.95
9 10 9 624.15 296.82 691.14 33.39 0.9381 3.49 2.48
10 11 10 560.66 274.35 624.19 30.34 0.9373 0.54 0.18
11 12 11 515.12 244.17 570.06 27.74 0.9358 0.86 0.29
12 13 12 454.25 208.88 499.98 24.37 0.9297 2.61 2.06
13 14 13 391.64 171.82 427.67 20.98 0.9275 0.72 0.94
14 15 14 270.92 90.88 285.76 14.05 0.9261 0.35 0.31
15 16 15 210.57 80.57 225.46 11.10 0.9247 0.28 0.20
16 17 16 150.30 60.37 161.97 7.99 0.9227 0.25 0.33
14071D8302 06/29/2020 75
Cont…
17 18 17 90.05 40.04 98.55 4.87 0.9221 0.05 0.04
2 19 18 361.14 161.08 395.43 18.08 0.9968 0.16 0.15
19 20 19 270.98 120.92 296.73 13.58 0.9932 0.83 0.75
20 21 20 180.14 80.18 197.18 9.05 0.9925 0.10 0.12
21 22 21 90.04 40.06 98.55 4.53 0.9919 0.04 0.06
3 23 22 939.57 457.21 1044.91 48.39 0.9813 3.17 2.17
23 24 23 846.41 405.05 938.33 43.61 0.9746 5.12 4.05
24 25 24 421.28 201.00 466.78 21.84 0.9713 1.28 1.00
6 26 25 936.09 75.75 939.15 44.69 0.957 1.22 0.62
26 27 26 874.87 50.13 876.30 41.76 0.9554 1.49 0.76
27 28 27 813.38 24.37 813.75 38.84 0.9496 4.79 4.23
28 29 28 748.59 0.14 748.59 55.85 0.9457 3.12 2.72
29 30 29 625.47 813.66 1026.29 49.49 0.9422 3.73 1.90
30 31 30 421.74 211.76 471.92 22.84 0.9381 1.53 1.51
31 32 31 270.22 140.26 304.45 14.80 0.9372 0.20 0.24
32 33 32 60.01 40.02 72.13 3.51 0.9369 0.01 0.02
14071D8302 06/29/2020 76
14071D8302 06/29/2020 77
Power Flows in Congested Branches after Capacitor
Placement
14071D8302 06/29/2020 78
Capacitor
WITHOUT
CAPACITOR C=1.658 C=1.013 C=2.256 C=0.991
MVAR MVAR MVAR MVAR
Vmin(p.u) 0.9131 0.928 0.9223 0.9176 0.9221
Vmax(p.u) 0.997 0.9975 0.9973 0.9977 0.9973
Total Active Power

202.7 KW 155.3 KW 155.3 KW 182.4 KW 151 KW
Loss
Total Reactive Power

135.1KVAR 105.6 KVAR 104.2 KVAR 124.5 KVAR 100.4 KVAR
Loss
14071D8302 06/29/2020 79
With Two Capacitors
 The same analysis on the 33 bus radial distribution
system with a fixed capacitor at node 6 with 0.774
MVAR and with different ratings of capacitor values
placing at node 3 0.1 MVAR respectively for
reactive power compensation
14071D8302 06/29/2020 80
Case 1: C=0.1 MVAR for branch 2 at Node 3

BRANCH
TO KVA AMP V(P.U)
FROM NUMBER KW KVAR KW KVAR
1 2 1 3869.84 767.64 3945.24 179.9 0.9975 8.95 4.56
2 3 2 3399.75 541.99 3442.68 158.1 0.9862 36.64 18.66
3 4 3 2333.57 123.40 2336.83 108.0 0.9807 12.82 6.53
4 5 4 2200.75 36.87 2201.06 102.3 0.9753 11.98 6.10
5 6 5 2128.77 0.77 2128.77 123.3 0.9642 24.34 21.02
6 7 6 1094.62 527.32 1215.02 57.47 0.9608 1.85 6.13
7 8 7 892.77 421.19 987.14 46.86 0.956 4.69 1.55
8 9 8 688.08 319.64 758.70 36.19 0.9498 4.05 2.91
9 10 9 624.04 296.73 690.99 33.18 0.9441 3.45 2.44
10 11 10 560.59 274.29 624.09 30.15 0.9433 0.54 0.18
11 12 11 515.05 244.11 569.97 27.56 0.9418 0.85 0.28
12 13 12 454.20 208.83 499.91 24.21 0.9358 2.58 2.03
13 14 13 391.62 171.80 427.65 20.84 0.9335 0.71 0.93
14 15 14 270.91 90.87 285.75 13.96 0.9321 0.35 0.31
14071D8302 06/29/2020 81
Cont…
15 16 15 210.57 80.56 225.45 11.03 0.9308 0.27 0.20
16 17 16 150.29 60.37 161.96 7.94 0.9288 0.24 0.33
17 18 17 90.05 40.04 98.55 4.84 0.9282 0.05 0.04
2 19 18 361.14 161.08 395.43 18.08 0.9970 0.16 0.15
19 20 19 270.98 120.92 296.73 13.57 0.9934 0.83 0.75
20 21 20 180.14 80.18 197.18 9.05 0.9927 0.10 0.12
21 22 21 90.04 40.06 98.55 4.53 0.9921 0.04 0.06
3 23 22 939.55 457.19 1044.88 48.32 0.9826 3.16 2.16

23 24 23 846.39 405.03 938.31 43.55 0.976 5.11 4.03
24 25 24 421.28 201.00 466.77 21.81 0.9727 1.28 1.00
6 26 25 949.80 972.88 1359.64 64.31 0.9623 2.52 1.28
26 27 26 887.28 946.60 1297.43 61.49 0.9598 3.22 1.64
27 28 27 824.06 919.96 1235.07 58.69 0.9485 10.94 9.65
28 29 28 753.12 890.31 1166.12 56.07 0.9404 7.58 6.61
29 30 29 625.53 813.71 1026.36 49.77 0.9369 3.77 1.92
30 31 30 421.76 211.78 471.95 22.97 0.9328 1.54 1.52
31 32 31 270.22 140.26 304.45 14.88 0.9319 0.21 0.24
32 33 32 60.01 40.02 72.13 3.53 0.9317 0.01 0.02
14071D8302 06/29/2020 82
14071D8302 06/29/2020 83
Placement
14071D8302 06/29/2020 84
Comparison of Consolidated Results With and Without Capacitor
With Two Capacitors
WITHOUT
C=1.658
CAPACITOR
MVAR
AT NODE 6
Vmin(p.u) 0.9131 0.932
Vmax(p.u) 0.997 0.998
Total Active Power Loss 202.7 KW 154.8 KW
Total Reactive Power Loss 135.1KVAR 105.3 KVAR
14071D8302 06/29/2020 85
PUBLICATION DETAILS:
S.NO Title of the paper Authors Journal Name, ISSN/ISB Impact National/
N no: Factor Or
Vol no, Citation International
Issue no, Index
Page No
1 Congestion A.Sharath IOSR Journal of Electrical e-ISSN: 3.26 International

Kumar and Electronics 2278-
Alleviation Using Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) 1676,p-
Reactive Power Dr.T. ISSN:
Volume 11, Issue 6 Ver. III 2320-
Compensation In Nireekshana
(Nov. – Dec. 2016) 3331
Radial Distribution
System (UGC approved)
14071D8302 06/29/2020 86
References
[1] M.H. Haque, “Efficient load flow method for distribution systems with radial or mesh
configuration”, IEEE Vol. 143, No. 1, 1996, pp. 33-38.
[2] Das, D., Nagi, H. S., and Kothari, D. P., ‘ Novel method for solving radial distribution
networks’, IEEE Proc. C, 1994, (4), pp. 291-298.
[3] T.VanCutsem: ‘A method to compute reactive power margins with respect to voltage
collapse’, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, No. 1, 1991M. Young, The Technical Writer's
Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
[4] H. K. Clark, ‘New challenges: Voltage stability’ IEEE Power Engg Rev, April 1990, pp. 33-
37.
[5] Sumit Banerjee, Member IEEE 1, C.K. Chanda ,S.C. Konar , SayonsomChanda ,
“Determination of the Weakest Branch in a Radial Distribution System using Reactive
Loading Index Range,”ACEEE International Journal on Control System and
Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2010.
14071D8302 06/29/2020 87
[6] Goswami, S. K., and Basu, S. K., ‘Direct solution of distribution systems’, IEE Proc. C, 1991, 138, (1),
pp. 78- 88.
[7] C.K. Chanda, A. Chakraborti,S.Dey, ‘Development of global voltage security indicator(VSI) and role of
SVC on it in longitudinal power supply(LPS) system’, ELSEVIER(Electrical Power System Research
68),2004, pp.1-9.
[8] J.F. Chen, W. M. Wang, ‘Steady state stability criteria and uniqueness of load flow solutions for radial
distribution systems’, Electric Power and Energy Systems,Vol. 28, pp. 81-87, 1993.
[9] D. Das, D.P. Kothari, A. Kalam, ‘Simple and efficient method for load solution of radial distribution
networks’, Electric Power and Energy Systems,Vol. 17, pp. 335- 346, 1995.
[10] M. Chakravorty, D. Das, ‘Voltage stability analysis of radial distribution networks’, Electric Power and
Energy Systems,Vol. 23, pp. 129-135, 2001.
14071D8302 06/29/2020 88
Thank you
14071D8302 06/29/2020 89

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Congestion Alleviation Using Reactive Power

Compensation In Radial Distribution Systems

Under the Supervisor of

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

● Radial distribution system

● Congestion management techniques

● Reactive power compensation using shunt capacitor

● Problem identification and procedure

1) finding congested line using reactive loading index

● Simulation and results

 Congestion is a major problem in the power system which

 Out aging of congested lines.

 the distribution system is derived from electrical system which

1) Radial distribution system

● The feeders, distributors and service mains are radiating away

the current flowing through the line equals to

we can write load reactive power as

Putting the value of in equation (2),

we get maximum value of load reactive power .Hence, 5

From equation (5), we can write 6

is defined as the reactive loading index of the branch .

 The application of shunt capacitor in distribution feeders has

Read line load data of radial distribution system

Run load flow analysis

From load flow results, obtain congested branches

Considering receiving end of congested branch as

Randomize the capacitor ratings for reactive power

Get the optimal size of capacitor

Obtain all bus voltages, losses, KVA flows of each

 Step 1: Run power flow a radial distribution system.

Line diagram of an IEEE 12bus system

From To R(ohm) X(ohm) load node KW KVAR

Table.1 Line And Load Data

POWER FLOWS LINE LOSS

1 2 426.2 387.6 576.1 30.2 0.9947 3 1.25

2 3 363.9 326.9 489.2 25.8 0.9898 2.37 0.987

3 4 322.3 296.6 438 23.2 0.982 3.39 1.41

4 5 265.9 242.1 359.6 19.2 0.9721 3.53 1.47

5 6 234 212.3 315.9 17.1 0.9691 0.954 0.397

6 7 214.3 197.8 291.6 15.8 0.9666 0.75 0.312

7 8 162.1 146.1 218.2 11.9 0.9591 1.85 0.474

8 9 118.9 104.2 158.1 8.7 0.9519 1.27 0.359

9 10 81.4 67.6 105.8 5.8 0.9494 0.295 0.084

10 11 49.5 40.5 64 3.5 0.9487 0.043 0.016

Branch No.  Lq  max

1 0.384315 0.380241 0.004074 5

2 0.385058 0.381264 0.003794 6

3 0.384646 0.378583 0.006063 2

4 0.384779 0.37702 0.007759 1

5 0.232541 0.381943 0.002372 7

6 0.384222 0.382239 0.001983 8

7 0.266006 0.261878 0.004128 3

8 0.272355 0.268265 0.004090 4

9 0.272345 0.270914 0.001431 9

10 0.272034 0.271633 0.000401 10

11 0.27277 0.272655 0.000115 11

a) Branch 4(4-5) get rank 1

b) Branch 3(3-4) get rank 2

c) Branch 7(7-8) get rank 3

d) Branch 8(8-9) get rank 4

10 11 49.5 40.5 50.2 41 50.2 41 50.2 41 50.2 41