SOCIAL AND

POLITICAL
STRATIFICATI
ON
 THE CONCEPT
OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
 SOCIAL
RefersSTRATIFICATION
to the division of
large social groups into
smaller groups based on
categories determined by
economics.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
gives rise to inequality in
society, as members are
distinguised by their
membership in and relation to
social groups and categories.
RELATED TO THE
CONCEPT OF
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
 SOCIAL
PROCESS BY WHICH
EXCLUSION
INDIVIDUALS ARE CUT
OFF FROM FULL
INVOLVEMENT IN THE
WIDER CIRCLES OF
PEOPLE WHO ARE SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED:
1. Poor housing
2. Lack of employment
3. Inferior schools
4. Limited transportation
 SYSTEMS OF
STRATIFICATION
 CLOSED
Impose rigidSYSTEM
boundaries between
social groups and limit interactions
among members who belong to
different social groups or occupy
different levels in the social hierarchy.
 CLOSED
SYSTEM
Resistant to change,
particularly in the social
roles of it members.
 OPEN
SYSTEM
Based on achievement, allowing more
flexibility in social roles, increased
social mobility, and better interaction
among social groups and classes.
 CASTE
Close stratification system where
people are SYSTEMS
enable to change their
social standing. Promotes belief in
fate, destiny, and the will of higher
spiritual power rather than the
promotion of individual freedom.
 CASTE
People are assigned occupations
SYSTEMS
regardless of their talents,
interests or potential. No
opportunities to improve one’s
social position.
 APARTHEID
System of racial
segregation in South
Africa
 CLASS
SYSTEM
Ownership of resources
and the individual’s
occupation or profession.
 CLASS
Composed of people who
SYSTEM
share the same background
and characteristics such as
income, education and
occupation.
 CLASS
Free to move from the same
SYSTEM
social class to another and
achieve a higher status in life
through education and
employment.
1. Exogamous
RESULT
Marriages OF CLASS
SYSTEM
(Between people came from different social
class)

2. Endogamous
Marriages
 Meritocracy
Determined by
personal effort and
merit.
 THEORITICAL
PERSPECTIVES
ON SOCIAL
STRATIFICATIO
N
 THREE DIFFERENT
THEORITICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. FUNCTIONALISM
2. CONFLICT THEORY
3. SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
 FUNCTIONALISM
Examines how the different
aspects of society contribute
to ensuring its stability and
continued function. Each
SOCIAL ROLE has a greater
functional purpose will result
to greater reward, and that
stratification represents the
inherently unequal value of
 It was unable to consider
situations where individuals of
little talent or skill are able to
access better opportunities or
occupy higher positions in
 CONFLICT
Takes critical view of
THEORY
social stratification and
considers society as
benefitting only a small
 CONFLICT
THEORY
Stratification perpetuates
inequality, and they draw
many of their ideas from
the works of Karl Marx.
 KARL MARX
Believed that social stratification
is influenced by economic forces,
and that relationships in society
are defined by the factors of
production.
DIVISION OF SOCIETY by KARL
MARX

1. The Bourgeois or Capitalist

2. Proletariat or Lower classes
 SYMBOLIC
Examines stratification from a
INTERACTIONISM
micro level perspective and
attempts to explain how people’s
social standing affects their
everyday interactions.
 SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
People’s appearance
reflects their perceived
social standing.
THEORY OF CONSPICUOUS
CONSUMPTION
Refers to buying certain
products to make a social
statement about status.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY
Ability of individuals or
groups to change their
positions within a social
stratification system.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY
Refers to how individual
progress from a lower to
a higher social class.
1.TYPES
UPWARD
OF SOCIAL
MOBILITY
MOBILITY
(Upward movement in social class)
2. DOWNWARD
MOBILITY
 INTRAGENERATIONAL
MOBILITY
Type of generation mobility
that focuses on the experience
of people who belong to the
same generation.
 INTERGENERATIONAL
Type of MOBILITY
generation mobility
that refers to the changes in
social standing experienced by
individuals belonging to
different generations.
 STRUCTURAL MOBILITY
Large-scale changes in society
can result in the improvement
or decline of the conditions and
status of a large group of
people.
 SOCIAL
INEQUALI
TY
 SOCIETIES ARE
USUALLY
CHARACTERIZED
REFLECT AN
SOCIAL
UNEQUAL
DIVISIONS
DISTRIBUTION OF
STATUS, WEALTH,
AND POWER WITHIN
 SOCIAL
INEQUALITY
AND
POVERTY
 STATUS
DEFINED AS THE ESTEEM
OR SOCIAL HONOR GIVEN
TO CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS
OR GROUPS.
CONCEPT OF CLASS
1. UPPER CLASS
2. MIDDLE CLASS
3. LOWER OR
WORKING CLASS
 POVERTY
MOST PREVALENT
IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
1. ABSOLUTE
TYPES OF POVERTY
POVERTY
2. RELATIVE
POVERTY
3. SUBJECTIVE
 ABSOLUTE
POVERTY
REFERS TO THE
LACK OF BASIC
RESOURCES
APPLIES RELATIVE
TO WHO ARE ABLE TO
OBTAINPOVERTY
BASIC NECESSITIES
BUT ARE STILL UNABLE TO
MAINTAIN AN AVERAGE
STANDARD OF LIVING
COMPARED TO THE REST OF
 SUBJECTIVE
POVERTY THAT IS DEFINED
POVERTY
BY HOW INDIVIDUAL
EVALUATES HIS OR HER
ACTUAL INCOME AGAINST
HIS OR HER EXPECTATIONS
GENDERGENDER
REFERS TO
THE INEQUALITY
CULTURALLY-
IMPOSED
CHARACTERISTICS THAT
DEFINE MASCULINITY
 PATRIARCHY
REFERS TO THE
SOCIALLY SANCTIONED
AND SYSTEMATIC
DOMINATION OF MALES
OVER FEMALES.
 FEMINIST VIEWS ON
1. LIBERAL
GENDER INEQUALITY
FEMINIST
- BELIEVED THAT SEXISM AND
DISCRIMINATION CAN BE ENCOUNTERED
BY POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC
REFORMS LIKE GIVING EQUAL ACCESS
 FEMINIST VIEWS ON
2.RADICAL
GENDER INEQUALITY
FEMINISTS
- ARGUED THAT MEN ARE THE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN
 FEMINIST VIEWS ON
GENDER INEQUALITY
2. BLACK FEMINSM
- IDENTIFIES FACTORS SUCH AS CLASS
AND ETHNICITY, IN ADDITION TO
GENDER, AS ESSENTIAL FOR
UNDERSTANDING OPPRESSION
EXPERIENCED BY NON-WHITE WOMEN.
ETHNICITY AND RACE
ETHNICITY IS THE FEELING
ISSUES
OF AFFINITY OR LOYALTY
TOWARDS PARTICULAR
POPULATION, CULTURAL
GROUP OR TERRITORIAL
 RACE
REFERS TO A GROUP
OF PEOPLE WHO
SHARE A COMMON
ANCESTRY.
 RACISM
REFERS TO A SET OF ATTITUDES,
BELIEFS, AND PRACTICES USED TO
JUSTIFY THE SUPERIOR
TREATMENT OF ONE RACIAL OR
ETHNIC GROUP AND THE INFERIOR
TREATMENT OF ANOTHER RACIAL
OR ETHINIC GROUP.
 DISPLACEMENT AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL
SCAPEGOATING
MECHANISM
ASSOCIATED WITH
PREJUDICE AND
 PREJUDICE
INVOLVES HOLDING
STEREOTYPES OR
PRECONCIEVED VIEWS THAT
ARE OFTEN BASED ON FAULTY
GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT
MEMBERS OF A RACE OR
PARTICULAR ETHNIC OR
 DISCRIMINATION
REFERS TO ACTIONS OR
BEHAVIOR OF MEMBERS OF A
DOMINANT SOCIAL GROUP THAT
NEGATIVELY IMPACTS OTHER
MEMBERS OF SOCIETY THAT DO
NOT BELONG TO THE DOMINANT
GLOBAL
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
STRATIFICATION
- REFERS TO UNEQUAL
DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH,
POWER AND PRESTIGE ON
MODERNIZATION
MARKET-ORIENTED
THEORIES
THEORY
- CLAIM THAT CULTURAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO
DEVELOPMENT, EXPLAIN
POWERTY IN LOW-INCOME
DEPENDENCY
MARKET-ORIENTED
THEORIES
THEORY
- CLAIM THAT GLOBAL
POVERTY IS THE RESULT TO
EXPLOITATION OF POOR
COUNTRIES BY WEALTHY
WORLD-SYSTEMS
MARKET-ORIENTED
THEORY
THEORIES
FOCUSES ON THE
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE
CORE, PERIPHERAL,
SEMIPERIPHERAL
 MARKET-ORIENTED
STATE-CENTERED
THEORIES
THEORY
EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF
GOVERNMENTS IN
FOSTERING ECONOMIC