PERCEPTION & ATTRIBUTION

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Definition of Perception

Perception can be defined as a process by which individuals

organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment.

•Perception involves the way we view the world around us.

•It adds, meaning to information gathered via the five senses of
touch, smell, hearing, vision and taste.
•Perception is the primary vehicle through which we come to
understand our surroundings and ourselves.

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Young Girl or Old Lady

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What do U see ?

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 Perceptual Process

It is a process of receiving and interpreting stimuli.

The steps involved in the process are

• Receiving Stimuli

• Selecting Stimuli

• Perceptual Organisation

• Interpreting stimuli

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Factors that Influence Perception

Factorsininthe
Factors the
perceiver
perceiver
Attitudes
Attitudes
Motives
Motives
Interests
Interests
Experience
Experience
Expectation
Expectation

Factors
Factorsininthe
thesituation
situation
Time
Time PERCEPTION
Work
Worksetting
setting
Social setting
Social setting
Factors
Factorsininthe
the
target
target
Novelty
Novelty
Motion
Motion
Sound
Sound
Size
Size
Background
Background
Proximity
Proximity
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 Incident Analysis

You saw Tom coming out of a local bar in an

agitated state. His hair ruffled, dress
crumbled and having an unusual gait.

What is your impression???

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 Continued…..

Tom saw you and inquired about his

younger brother Peter. He seemed
concerned and was bit agitated. Peter unlike
Tom is a real miscreant and known for
tantrums under the influence of alcohol.

What is your opinion about Tom ??

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 Continued….

After your incessant asking Tom told you the

real thing, that last night in a rare fit of rage,
he hit Peter hard. In return Peter has
threatened to kill him and his friends. Now,
Tom along with Police is searching for Peter
so that he can be restrained.
What you think of Tom ??

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 Some terms related to Perception

• Heuristics

• Bounded Rationality

• Satisficing

• Escalation of Commitment

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 Kelley’s Attribution Theory

The theory states that, when individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to

determine whether it is internally or externally caused. This determination

depends on three factors:

• Distinctiveness

• Consistency

• Consensus

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 Attribution Biases

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate
the influence of internal factors when making judgment about the behaviour of
others.

Self-serving Bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors
while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

 Selective Perception
 Stereotype
 Halo/Horn Effect
 Contrast Effect
 Projection

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Thanks

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