Evidences in Favour of Bohr’s Theory:

1. The ratio of mass of electron to the mass of proton

2. Spectrum of singly ionized helium
3. Discovery of Heavy Hydrogen
4. Specific charge of the electron
5. Theoretical prediction of experimentally observed
facts
6. Size of the Atom
Shortcomings of Bohr Theory:
1. Bohr’s theory is based on two theories viz classical
and quantum
2. It does not give any idea of the distribution and
arrangement of electrons in atom
3. Theory predicts only the frequency of different
spectral lines but does not give any information
about intensities of different lines
4. Theory can not explain multiplicity and fine
structure
5. Theory is applicable only to H and H like atoms
Sommerfeld theory of Hydrohen atom
1. Fine structure of spectral line– concept of elliptical
orbits
2. But is again limited to H like atoms
3. Zeeman effect and Stark effect can not be explained
4. Theory is limited to two dim while atom is a three
dim entity
Goudsmith extended this model and is now
known as vector atom model
Important features: Spinning electron and spatial
quantisation
 QUANTUM NUMBERS
To describe the motion of an electron or electrons
following quantum numbers are ,in general,
used:

1. The principle quantum number (n)

2. An orbital angular momentum
quantum number (l)
3. An orbital magnetic quantum number
(ml)
4. Magnetic spin quantum number (ms)
1. The first number, n, is called the principle
quantum number and may only have positive
nonzero values 1,2,3,………….
2. The orbits having n=1,2,3… etc are
designated as K,L,N.. Orbits.
3. It arises from quantization of energy and
also determines the size of the electron orbit.
4. In Hydrogen, the energy of an orbital
depends only on n, En=-RH/n2
5. The average radius in H also depends on n,
rn=n2a0
6. Orbitals with the same value of n are said to
be in the same shell.
7. BE energy of an electron decreases as n
1. The orbital quantum number, (l), (or angular
momentum quantum number) cannot be larger
than n-1, but can be zero or a positive integer.
That is, for a given value of n, l=0,1,2,...,n-1.
2. The quantum number (l) determines the
geometric shape of the orbital. For instance,
when l = 0 an spherical "s" orbital is observed.

3. As (l) takes an integral values the

magnitude of orbital momentum is also
quantized.
4. (l) governs the degree with which electron
is attached to the nucleus.
5. Orbits having l=0,1,2,3,… are designated
by s,p,d,f etc.
1. The magnetic quantum number, ml, may be
zero, negative, or positive and between +l to
-l. For l=2, for example, ml can be -2, -1, 0, 1,
2.
2. ml determines the orientation of the orbital.

3. When l = 0, ml can only equal zero,

therefore only 1s orbital is seen in each energy
level.

4. When l = 1, ml can have three different

values, -1, 0, and 1, and therefore there are
three p orbitals are pointed in three different
(orthogonal) directions.

5. Similarly, when l= 2 or 3, the number of ml

1. The fourth quantum number is ms, the
"spin" quantum number.
2. Spin is an intrinsic quantum number, which
causes electrons to behave as if they are
spinning on their axis, generating a magnetic
field.
3. One result of spin is that electrons orient
with an external electric or magnetic field.
4. The ms quantum number takes the values
+1/2 (spin up) and -1/2 (spin down).

Note that electrons really do not spin on their

axis (why would they all orient themselves in
space to spin in only 2 directions?).
 The Pauli Exclusion Principle

1. To explain certain aspects(forbidden lines) of

atomic spectra, Wolfgang Pauli determined that
no 2 electrons can have all 4 quantum numbers
alike.
This is called the Pauli exclusion principle.

2. Importance:
(i) Construction of periodic table
(ii) Distribution of extra nuclear electrons in
3. Statement: A completely defined quantum
state can not be occupied by more than one
electron or two electrons can not have identical
quantum numbers(n,l,ml,ms).

4. In full orbitals (orbitals containing 2

electrons of opposite spin) one electron must be
spin up, and the other spin down, and the
electrons are said to be paired.