EXPERIMENT 9

PNP TRANSISTOR

AIM: TO DETERMINE THE COLLECTOR AND TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

OF A PNP TRANSISTOR.

APPARATUS: Suitable PNP transistor (e.g AC 128); rheostats R1, R2, a decade
resistance box R, accumulator E (providing 4V), Leclanche cell, voltmeter Vc (0 -
5V), microammeter  A, 0 – 50  A; milliammeter mA, 0 – 5mA; plug keysK1, K2.

DEFINITIONS:
1. The current amplification factor , in a common base circuit refers to the
ratio of the change in output / collector current  Ic to the corresponding change in
the input / emitter current  Ie, at a constant collector voltage Vc.

 =  Ic /  Ie (Vc constant)
2. The base current amplification factor,  in a common emitter circuit refers to
the change in collector current  Ic to the change in base current  Ib at a constant
collector - emitter voltage Ve
 =  Ic /  Ib
Since the emitter current Ie should equal the sum of base current Ib and the
collector current Ic,
 Ie =  Ib +  Ic
So that  =  Ic / (  Ib - Ic) =  Ic /  Ie
(1 -  Ic /  Ie)

or =  / 1 -  ; =/1+

3. The output resistance Re in the CEC is the ratio of the change in

collector base voltage  Vc to the change in collector current Ic.
Re =  Vc /  Ic
 PROCEDURE:

Setup the circuit as shown in Fig. Make sure that the base lead is
connected to the positive of the microammeter, the collector lead to the positive of the
milliammeter and the emitter lead to the positive of the voltmeter and the sources of emf,
E and L.
(a) Transfer Characteristics (Ic - Ib, Vc constant) By means of R2, adjust
the collector voltage Vc to be 2 V. With Vc constant (this requires readjustment of R2
after changing the base current Ib in suitable steps (say of 5  A)by altering R1 and R2
and observe the corresponding collector current Ic until it reaches about 5 mA. Repeat the
experiment for a different value of Ve, say Ve = 3V.

Plot Ic vs Ib aas in Fig. Calculate  at any point Q from the gradient of

the curve at Q. Find the corresponding value of  using  =  / 1 + .

Output Characteristics (Ic – Vc, Ib constant). Keeping the base current Ib

constant (say at 25  A) by adjusting R, vary the potential V c of the collector in suitable
steps and note the corresponding values of Ic. (Take a few readings in the 0 to 1V range,
and then take the readings for increase in Vc by 0.5 V each time).

Repeat the experiment for Ib = 50  A and 75  A.

Plot Ic vs Vc as shown in Fig. From the slop of the straight line part of the graph beyond
the knee of the graph, calculate the output impedance Re for different values of I b. slope
= 1 / Re

OBSERVATTION TABLE:-

Transfer Characteristics:-

Current Vc = 2V Vc = 3V
Ib  A
Ic mA
 Output Characteristics:-

Ib = 25 A Ib = 50  A
Vc volt
Ic mA

Ib ( A)
Transfer Characteristics Output Characteristics

CONCLUSION : Current gain β corresponding to Ic = mA and Vc = V is

The output impedance of the CEC = , for Ib = A.

QUESTIONS

1. Why is  determined and  calculated from it, rather than determining  directly?

2. Draw the common emitter circuit for an NPN transistor.

3. What is the effect of temperature on ? Experiment by holding the transistor in hand.